The Glass Menagerie Essay Example

The Glass Menagerie Essay Example The Glass Menagerie Paper The Glass Menagerie Paper Exposition Topic: The Glass Menagerie ‘The Glass Menagerie’ by Tennessee Williams joins a various measure of topics all through the play. As it is known to fairly ponder the playwright’s own life, a portion of these subjects are quite significant and suggestive, permitting the crowd to keep up a sufficient handle on the messages set forward by Williams. Essentially, the possibility of memory is built up in Scene One. The play introduces with protracted portrayal concerning the setting and showmanship, trailed by the passageway of the storyteller, Tom Wingfield, who before long expresses that ‘the play is memory’ and clarifies that we are seeing occasions through the perspective of his recollections, escalating feelings and separating significances in the way that recollections do. At the point when the scene advances, we as a group of people likewise have an understanding to memories inside memories, for example, those of Amanda as she relates her days as a young lady and her clumsy endeavors to remember this a great time. This perplexing subject is an inventive gadget which Williams utilizes adequately to communicate truth, and one of the strategies he uses to build up this is through the showmanship. In any case, the lighting is key in the depiction of memory, since it shows the inside as ‘dim and poetic’. This not just encourages us to recognize the differentiation between the past and the present, however reflects how the recollections which the character of Tom will show us are covered with misery and torment, and makes the impact of a mindful, somewhat dismal mind-set. Moreover, Williams’ exact and point by point portrayals of the stage setting, for example, ‘murky gullies of tangled clotheslines, trash jars, and the vile latticework of neighboring fire escapes’ permit him to accomplish a fanciful air, rather than clear authenticity. Tom himself reveals to us that the play is ‘sentimental’ and ‘not realistic’ and Williams causes to notice the trick of the performance center by presenting brought down and raised cloth scrims during the play and moving dividers, while speaking to the puzzling property that memory brings. At the point when he requests that we peer through the cloth, Williams advises us that we are being reclaimed in time and made to watch things from a specific perspective. The topic of memory is likewise portrayed using music in Scene One. Not long before Tom starts to clarify how it is ‘a memory play’, the stage headings demonstrate for music to be played, and this guides the accentuation on this topic by again indicating the contrast between the at various times. Obviously the writer is attempting to associate music with the topic as Tom even lets us know, ‘In memory everything appears to happen to music’. Corresponding to the setting, lighting and music, the screen gadget is utilized a critical sum. The legends which show up repetitively on screen, for example, ‘Ou sont les neiges d’antan? ’ cause to notice the manner by which memory works by straightforwardly driving the crowd to consider how conditions in the play are so extraordinary currently to how they used to be in the characters’ lives, and make an insightful impact. Furthermore, another topic set up in Scene One is that of dreams and fantasies. The characters in ‘The Glass Menagerie’ are obliged by their dreams of monetary security, solidarity and break. The ever regular Amanda Wingfield harbors desire of arriving at when neither her youngsters nor herself need be worried about their conditions financially, and so as to acquire this fantasy, she accepts she should discover her girl an admirer. Then again, Tom and Laura are not such common characters, and while the last wants just to be allowed to drift through existence with no requests, the previous, albeit additionally wanting to associate with others, has a marginally more clear vision of a point throughout everyday life, and qualities isolation as a method of having the option to proceed with his inventive work as an artist. As a dramatist, Tennessee Williams depicts this topic through a wide range of strategies. Right off the bat, the setting is utilized by indicating the family home as ‘dim’ with ‘old-fashioned’ highlights; a spot from which the characters would obviously love to get away, Tom specifically. In that hangs ‘a exploded photograph’ of Amanda’s ex and Tom and Laura’s father, which is a consistent suggestion to Amanda of the existence she once had and stresses not just the fantasies she has of discovering Laura a ‘gentleman caller’ and achieving budgetary security, yet in addition how she might conceivably want to come back to the days when she was youthful and had significant male intrigue. A further topic set up by Williams in Scene One which interfaces in with dreams and fantasies is capture. Regardless of the close to difficulty of each character’s dreams being practiced, Williams is unyielding that ensnarement must be opposed in spite of the enduring it involves, and this is basically presented through the character depiction of Tom. As the crowd, we discover that the best way to dodge everlasting capture is through acting without feel sorry for. On the off chance that Tom is to one day become his own man, he is compelled to step away from his mother’s consistent industriousness and seek after opportunity. He doesn't want to act cruelly towards his family, as when Amanda recounts to the narrative of ‘one Sunday evening in Blue Mountain’ once more, he starts grumblings of ‘I know what’s coming! ’ and ‘Again? ’ yet does submit, anyway as the scene advances he joins more frequents burrows, for example, ‘Isn’t this the first you’ve referenced that despite everything endures? ’ to show a negligence of the men Amanda is so glad for when she depicts the destinies of all. He realizes that this life is not the slightest bit one that he wishes to be a piece of perpetually, and the main technique he knows to escape is by carrying on with no pity. Tennessee Williams additionally sets up the subject of capture through showmanship, as the emergency exit on which Tom remains toward the start of the scene is an outwardly unmistakable piece of the set which represents the detainment which Tom feels, and the possibility of discharge. By utilizing stage bearings, Williams naturally fills the emergency exit with emblematic weight, expressing that the structures are igniting with the ‘slow and intractable flames of human desperation’, and by situating Tom there to address the crowd it underlines how he remains solitary between the world outside and the control of the loft and features the anguished decision he makes to leave his family further on in the play. This makes a passionate impact on the crowd, who feels a feeling of empathy towards him for the obligations he has needed to take on in the past instead of the dad who so thoughtlessly deserted him and his family. Also, the subject of continuance is set up in Scene One. We begin to see the Wingfields battle against enthusiastic and physical constrainment, for example, the recently referenced challenges Tom faces in wishing to go out, and furthermore how Laura doesn’t feel a similar route as her mom with respect to ‘gentleman callers’ because of her handicap and absence of fearlessness. In any case, Williams doesn't give the characters answers for these difficulties yet rather shows that they have positive attributes which urges them to continue. For instance, Scene One shows Amanda continually wittering on proudly about how ‘one Sunday evening in Blue Mountain’ she got ‘seventeen! ’ honorable man guests, to the slight aggravation of Tom, who, acquainted with this, has anticipated it, however Laura knows about how the family need to stay together and react to one another necessities, and encourages Tom to ‘let her tell it’. Thusly, through the depiction of each character, Williams shows that perseverance is a significant subject in ‘The Glass Menagerie’, such that we as a group of people value every one of them exclusively for their characteristics just as the occasions when they fail. In this manner, we can see that Scene One of ‘The Glass Menagerie’ by Tennessee Williams includes various subjects in a wide range of ways, all to important and emotional impacts. We discover that a portion of these strategies incorporate character depiction, setting and showmanship, however all are similarly huge and permit us to get a handle on the key messages depicted by the writer.

Paul Hindemith :: essays research papers fc

     Paul was conceived in the German town of Hanau in 1895, on December Sixteen. We may expect that Hindemith felt a draw the melodic way from an early age; Paul’s father was a painter and didn't need his child turning into an artist, so our little author to-be fled at the age of 11, and began his own life. Paul showed himself the violin and viola, and started acquiring his living by playing at Cafes and other such foundations. In the long run, Hindemith took in the fundamentals of the considerable number of instruments that made a difference, so he could play them at any rate acceptably - however he was without a doubt a virtuoso at his viola and viola d’amore.      Eventually, Hindemith wound up at the Frankfurt Conservatory, where he examined his music execution under the tutelage of individuals like Arnold Mendelssohn. While there, Hindemith indicated expanding enthusiasm for the field of organization - he started writing decisively around the time he finished his courses at the Conservatory, and started setting up himself in the music culture through orchestral compositions and expressionistic drama.      Paul found a truly significant activity in the Frankfurt Opera Orchestra... he was first concertmaster, and afterward conductor throughout the years 1915-1923. After this, he established his Amar String Quartet, for which he was violist- - the gathering turned out to be really celebrated and performed effectively all through Europe. It’s concurred that 1921 was when Hindemith started to come into his own, and develop also referred to into the world as an arranger and entertainer. Hindemith showed up routinely at the Donaueschingen Festival beginning that year, and in 1922-24 his Chamber Works were performed at the Salzburg Festival (which I accept that was a genuinely serious deal at that point).      Up until around 1925, Hindemith was truly traditional, coming pretty much carelessly with the melodic standards of his time. In any case, in 1925, he came out with â€Å"Kammermusik†, his first transparently atonal sythesis. The piece was illustrative of new thoughts, and stirred heaps of talk when it was performed at the Venice Festival of the International Society of Contemporary Music. Before he knew it, Paul was a kind of pioneer, a nonentity of the propelling wilderness in â€Å"Modern Music†.      Ah- - during these long periods of his life, Hindemith was functioning as an educator of Composition at the Berlin Hochschule.      It was around 1934 that Hindemith began experiencing some difficulty with the Nazis. For one, they didn’t like his music. Actually, Alfred Rosenberg, who was Chief of Nazi Foreign Affairs, said his musics were the â€Å"foulest depravities of German music.† Obviously, the Nazis gave his profession

My Trip to Curtis Orchard

My Trip to Curtis Orchard Recently, I went to Curtis Orchard here in Champaign-Urbana. I believe I went two years ago, and I was sad that I didnt get to go last year, but I was delighted to go again! Firstly, the weather on the day that we went was phenomenal. It was so nice to just be outside and enjoy all the trees and fall plants. Curtis Orchard has a variety of things for sale in their shop and a lot of places to explore outside, so you can find a variety of things to do. The main outdoor area has a Wizard of Oz theme, and I enjoy admiring the whimsical art. I decided to purchase a big bag of apples, and I have loved eating them, as I think they are the perfect fall food, and have kept me satisfied during a busy few weeks. Sarah Class of 2018 I'm from Grand Rapids, Michigan. I'm majoring in Communication in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.

Gibson Girl versus Flapper Girl Essay - 562 Words

Gibson Girl versus Flapper Girl During the roaring twenty’s a new type of women arose, a women who rebelled against society’s standards for women, the Flapper Girl. The new Flapper Girl shocked society by setting a new type of women beauty that expressed their independence just like men. Meanwhile the Gibson Girl was the ideal figurehead for female beauty, they were often shown as fragile and vulnerable. Flapper Girls astonished the world by pushing the limits of the average Gibson Girl setting new limits that were never foreseen before for women. Before the Flapper Girl there was a more traditional women, the Gibson Girl who were seen as fragile ladies who relied on men to care for them. They often used corsets to obtain a hourglass†¦show more content†¦Many women enjoyed working, some of them continued to work after the war to pay for new labor saving devices such as the washing machine and vacuum. These women were also out of the house more and took leisure in dancing, smoking, drinking and other activates that use to be restricted to men only. Flapper Girls changed how society viewed women, they were now seen as more independent women who were not reliant on others, they even demanded the same rights as men such as the right to vote. The roaring twenty’s completely changed how society viewed women, they were now independent and had many of the same rights men had. Gibson Girls were now a thing of the past; the new Flapper Girls took the country by storm allowing women to be more self-reliant. Women no longer stayed at home all day, they could now decide for themselves and what they wanted to do with their lives. This allowed many women to get jobs and earn a living for themselves. No longer did women have to live up to the standards of men, being a Flapper Girl allowed women to be treated equally. Women could now vote and obtain jobs that were once only available to men. In conclusion the roaring twenty’s opened new oppo rtunities for women that they had never had before. The Flapper Girl era allowed women to be more independent. Women could now vote, get the same jobs as men, wear clothing thatShow MoreRelatedThe Fight For Womens Rights Essay2312 Words   |  10 Pagesmore problems than it would solve. This is especially true when one notes the liberties a woman had in the 1950s in comparison with the 1920s. One would think that the 1950s housewife had more freedom; however, the rebellious spirit of the 1920s flapper allowed them to be more active people. It goes to show that the longevity of the impacts of the feminist movements throughout history are based on not only on education of the subject but also the location in which they occurred. This cycle of

Leadership Styles And Management Of Hillary Clinton And...

The dynamics of leadership’s styles has changed throughout the century because the dynamics of leaders have changed. Many researchers have conceptualized the term leadership to make it simpler to understand, however it can be quite complicated because there are some many levels and components that make up a great leader in theory. There are no equations to explain how to become the perfect leader or how to obtain the perfect leadership style. There are strategies one can use to develop as a leader and certain behaviors that can allow an individual to identify with a particular style of leadership. In fact when dealing with followers of any sort, this allows the public to get a glimpse and know when the individual in authority changes. It would give the public a better understanding of what to expect and what to desire in future leaders. With this in mind, the purpose of this analysis is to evaluate and summarize the leadership styles and management of Hillary Clinton and Donal d Trump. Since they both hold influence and they both developed a campaign to become the greatest leader of the United States of America this analysis will explore the different styles they possess to get a better idea of their leadership behaviors. Keywords: Leadership, Leadership Style, Hillary Clinton, Donald Trump, 2016 Election Introduction Since the late 1700’s the United States of America has experience a multitude of leaders under a federal republic government. The system ofShow MoreRelatedLeadership Style And Management Of Hillary Clinton And Donald Trump Essay2116 Words   |  9 PagesThe dynamics of leadership’s styles have changed throughout the century because the dynamics of leaders have changed. Many researchers have conceptualized the term leadership to make it simpler to understand, however it can be quite complicated because there are some many levels and components that make up a great leader in theory. There are no equations to explain how to become the perfect leader or how to obtain the perfect leadership style. There are strategies one can use to develop as a leaderRead MoreThe Leadership Styles Of Leadership1533 Words   |  7 Pages Leadership is a concept most people feel informed enough to discuss, but that few are truly educated sufficiently to comment on. Therefore, it is instruct ive to consider the leadership styles of people with very different approaches both to better understand the diversity underlying leadership, as well as to appreciate the effective and less effective strategies that underlie different leadership outcomes. For that reason, this essay will consider the styles of two leaders who are less visible inRead MoreLeadership Style Of Leadership Styles Essay1433 Words   |  6 Pagesprobably feel as if they know enough about leadership to speak on the subject. In many cases, however, this is not truly the case at all. Leadership is a broad concept, and there are several different styles and approaches to consider when studying the topic. It is important to consider these styles and approaches when evaluating the effectiveness, or lack thereof, of any particular form of leadership. With that in mind, this essay will consider the leadership styles of two leaders who are involved in theRead MoreThe New York Times Of India, And The Guardian The Un ited Kingdom Edition1299 Words   |  6 PagesTimes of India, and The Guardian the United Kingdom edition. The article that I chose to compare between the three of them is about President Trump choosing his security advisors. I thought that it would be something that would spark many different opinions on a recent debate would be interesting to explore. The article itself is about President Trump choosing three of his new advisors for CIA Director which he appointed Mike Pompeo, for Attorney General, Jeff Sessions, and for National SecurityRead MoreLeadership : Leadership Behavior And Politics1370 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership Behaviors Politics Winning organizations today, attribute much of their success to having great people, great processes, and great leaders who inspire and motivate employees to follow them. Great leaders understand that they have influence and power over individuals, and what they do with this power defines them for years to come. We can all think of leaders of whom we respect and model our current behaviors after, and transversely, we can all think of leaders whose behaviors weRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCover Designer: Wanda Espana OB Poll Graphics: Electra Graphics Cover Art: honey comb and a bee working / Shutterstock / LilKar Sr. Media Project Manager, Editorial: Denise Vaughn Media Project Manager, Production: Lisa Rinaldi Full-Service Project Management: Christian Holdener, S4Carlisle Publishing Services Composition: S4Carlisle Publishing Services Printer/Binder: Courier/K endallville Cover Printer: Courier/Kendalville Text Font: 10.5/12 ITC New Baskerville Std Credits and acknowledgments borrowed

Gang Violence Free Essays

Teen Gang Violence If I could change the world, I would definitely leave out the gang violence. I wonder why teens join gangs. I’ve seen some of my friends join gangs and I wonder why they joined. We will write a custom essay sample on Gang Violence or any similar topic only for you Order Now Did they think they were going to be famous? Did they think everyone was going to know them now and want to invite them to special events? Or did they want to sell drugs on their block and become hood rich? I grew up in the city of Blytheville, Arkansas, where a lot of kids find trouble. Gangs are becoming a growing problem in American society. More young people are turning to gangs to solve problems in their lives. When youth join gangs, they forget about their family, real friends, and even school. In Blytheville, gangs cause teenagers to act violently. When you are in a gang, you also have rival gangs that you constantly have to fight, just because you don’t want another gang in your territory. Some teens think that being in a gang will give them protection. I believe being in a gang increases your chances of being killed or hurt badly. Besides the violence that is involved in being in a gang, teens also get involved in illegal activities such as the use and selling of drugs. Gangs make you carry out illegal activities to make money. One of these activities is selling marijuana mainly. In my city, some members are big time dealers, while others just work the corners. It’s a part in my town that does a lot of killing and selling drugs. That is not good role modeling for the young people. In what shouldn’t surprise anyone who has thought even the least bit about these sorts of issues, a lack of positive role models in their lives is  leading to gang membership. (ParentDish) Some children probably grew up where they saw people selling drugs and killing. They said, â€Å"When I get older I want to be just like that†. When you’re young you don’t really know the consequences of being in a gang. I never understood the meaning of gangs. You have to have tons of people who might have your back, but the key word was â€Å"might†. I know many people that don’t need to be in a gang. They’re in it just to fit in. That is just horrible in my book. I remember we had to read a book about gangs in high school. This book was called Gangs, Groups, Cults. It’s about a kid name Donte. He was a bright teenager who finished school and didn’t do anything after high school. So he oined a gang because he said, â€Å"Cool, but what do I do once I get out of school? You know? I did my daily deed to keep from getting thrown out of the house, but no I’m walking around the neighborhood and I don’t have anything to do† (Bradley 75). Since Donte had nothing better to do, he figured that it would be okay to join a gang. Boredom causes teenagers to join gangs, as well as wrecking havoc in the streets. Boredom can cause teens to join gangs, and so does bad parents. A lot of times when a kid’s family is messed up, they end up spending more time on the streets, and the gang becomes like their second family. Maybe they only have a mom and she has drug problems, or is never around or very strict on him/her. Maybe they have a dad that is never around, or is on drugs. Some kids suffer through home life with parents who are always drunk on alcohol and they don’t really know their parents. So they meet older gang members that give them money and make them feel like a little brother or even a son. According to The National Gang Center and The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, boys are more involved in gangs than girls; however you might be surprised to find out that the number of female gang members is rapidly increasing. Psychology Today) Many parents of teenage girls do not consider gang activity to be something they should worry about very much. Unfortunately, I’ve witness teenage girls getting more and more involved in gangs. Not only in Blytheville, this is occurring in the larger cities, and other smaller cities and towns as well. Gangs rely on their gi rl for many dangerous activities that can result in teen girls going to prison or worse. Maybe they believe she want get as much time for a crime as a male would. Teens that are in gangs are much more likely to suffer from gun violence, whether it’s injury or death. As a gang member, you can look forward to at least one shooting. In some cities, many teens that were killed by guns are gang members. Most likely, they were shooting at other gang members, who will not hesitate to shoot back. According to the National Youth Violence Prevention Resource Center, youth gangs have about 772,000 members nationwide, with half of them being teens under 18. (eHow) Teenagers love this life because they feel powerful, rich, and respected at a young age. They think they’re going to become rich and gang famous. The older guys that are or were in a gang are known as â€Å"OG’s†, know the opposite. I’m pretty sure they’re regretting everything like the choices they made getting into the gang in the first place back in the day. A lot of OG’s have spent their whole lives in and out of jail, and are out on the street asking for money, all because the gang life took away a lot of opportunities they could have had when they were younger. The world doesn’t need this kind of activity going on. We have bigger problems to deal with, other than killing and harming each other. Parents need to tell their children how much they love them each and every day. How to cite Gang Violence, Essay examples

Pathophysiology of Pneumothorax for Thoracic- MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePathophysiology of Pneumothorax for Thoracic Disease. Answer: Introduction The existence of air inside the pleural space is known as pneumothorax (Lichtenstein, 2016). Usually, air do not get inside the pleural space since the amount of the incomplete gas pressures in the tube blood is about 93.9KPa (Hobbs et al., 2014). Thus, the net movement of gasses into the pleural space from the capillary blood requires that the pleural pressures be lower than 54mmHg. This hardly ever occurs under normal circumstances. Therefore, there are there critical factors that may result in the occurrence of air in the pleural space, namely; direct or indirect interaction amid the air as well as the pleural space; interaction taking place between pleura and the alveolar; as well as the occurrence of a gas producing organism in the pleural space (Hobbs et al., 2014). Clinically, pneumothorax is classified as primary, secondary, catamenial, non-iatrogenic and traumatic pneumothorax (Boskovic et al., 2014). These different types have been briefly highlighted below. This paper disc usses this condition, pneumothorax, using Leigh Richards case. The case study has been described below. The paper discusses the pathophysiology of a pneumothorax as well as the USWD as a way of treating the condition. The paper also describes two signs presented by the patient. The Case Study The patient by the name Leigh Richards is 39 years old and he is married with three kids he is also an irrigation advisor at Murray Bridge. The patient got a serious accident and was retrained after the rally car they were in hit a tree while speeding on a dirt road. The patient was removed from the car through inline extrication after emergency services were called. When he arrived in the hospital, he was drowsy and disoriented. The patients left superior arm was enlarged, it was so painful that touching or moving it was not easy, and it had a distortion as well. As a result trauma X-rays were conducted, after which the patient was diagnosed to have developed left pneumothorax, fibula and left tibia, subdural hematoma, as well as left humerus. Mr. Leigh Richards was then taken to the theater for surgery since he had an ORIF for left lower leg and ORIF for left humerus. The Sub Dural hematoma is being addressed conventionally. The neurovascular assessment has obtained slight tingling of the fifth finger, as well as weakness in left leg and arm. The patients daughter who is a nursing student (second year) requests for an explanation of the pathophysiology of pneumothorax because she fails to understand why they develop into pneumothorax when UWSD insertion is not applied. She also requests for additional information on the UWSD insertion technique. Classifications of Pneumothorax The condition is classified based on the causes. The various classes are: Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax: This usually occurs in tall, thin, adolescent makes. Smoking has also been associated with the condition (Tschopp et al., 2015) Since the pleural compression gradient is more in the lung apex than in the lower part of the lung, in tall people, a greater mean descending pressure is subjected in the alveoli in the lung apex (Aziz, Patel, Ie Rubio, 2016). With time, the high descending pressure may lead to the development of subpleural bleb. It has been obtained that the condition is more prevalent in heavy smokers than non-smokers. Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax: This condition results in individuals who already have a lung condition. The occurrence of the condition is the same as that of main impulsive pneumothorax. The condition is common in old individuals. Catamenial pneumothorax: this condition develops at the onset of or within twenty-four to seventy-two hours after the start of menses, and is recurrent (Kolos, Dzhieshev, Dikolaev Amangaliev, 2015). The initial development does not normally occur until the female is in her thirties. The pathophysiology of catamenial pneumothorax is still not clear. Noniatrogenic pneumothorax: this condition develops shortly after birth in about 2% of infants. The condition is twice as common is males than females. The cases of the condition are common in preterm birth as well as low birth weight. The pathophysiology of non-iatrogenic pneumothorax is linked to motorized problems of the initial increasing of the lungs. Traumatic pneumothorax: This condition results from either a penetrating injury or blunt trauma to the walls of the chest. The condition may happen simultaneously with the injury, immediately after the injury, or later on. Apart from penetrating trauma, the condition can result from the secondary laceration of the visceral pleural after dislocation or rib fracture. The abrupt compression increases the pressure in the alveoli, which may result to rupture of the alveoli. Blunt trauma can also cause the rapturing of the alveoli. When a penetrating trauma occurs, the air gets into the pleural space directly via the wound on the wall of the chest. This class of pneumothorax is further divided into; open, simple and pull pneumothorax. The meek pneumothorax is where the air coming from the destroyed lungs enter the pleural space. In case the wound is big enough to allow air to freely pass freely into and outside the pleural space, then the condition is referred to as open pneumothorax. In t he open pneumothorax case, the atmospheric stress is in balance with the intrapleural stress (Aziz, Patel, Ie Rubio, 2016). This blocks the lung inflation as well as the ventilation of the alveoli. As a result, the air moves with sped via the wound into the wall of the chest, as usually produces a lapping sound. In many cases, the lungs collapse. This makes it critical to seal the open wound using a Vaseline gauze and put a chest tube, as an emery measure. Tension pneumothorax usually results from the injury of the lungs or the chest walls. In this case, on way valve mechanism results, where the air goes into the pleural space and gets trapped inside, making it impossible to expel during expiration (Roberts et al., 2014). In such a case, the inter-thoracic pressure rises making the lungs to collapse (Ianniello, Di Giacomo, Sessa Miele, 2014). The collapse of the walls shifts the mediastinum away from the injured side, leading to reduced venous return to the heart, hypoventilation, as well as development of obstructive shock (Roberts et al., 2014). The patient in the case study, Leigh Richards, suffer from this condition. The General Pathophysiology of a Pneumothorax In normal individuals, due to the inherent tendencies of the lungs to collapse as well as the chest wall to expand, the stress inside the pleural space is less in relation to the atmospheric stress. An interaction amid the alveoli as well as the pleural space causes airflow down the stress gradient until the attainment of equilibrium or until the interaction is sealed. As the pneumothorax expands, the lungs reduce in size. The major physiologic result of this occurrence is a reduction in the vital capacity and the oxygens partial pressure (Ianniello, Di Giacomo, Sessa Miele, 2014). The young and healthy individuals can tolerate these changes effectively with minimal changes in crucial symptoms. However, those individuals having lung diseases may experience respiratory distress. The decrease in the vital capacity cases respiratory insufficiency as well as respiratory acidosis and hypoventilation of the alveoli. Many individuals with the condition have increased alveolar-arterial oxyg en tension difference and reduced arterial PO2 (Ianniello, Di Giacomo, Sessa Miele, 2014). Pharmacology of Pneumothorax The tension pneumothorax in the case study requires rapid treatment using anesthetics and analgesics. However, these analgesics and anesthetics should be administered when the patient is not in distress. The aim of the pharmacotherapy is to reduce the level of mobility and stop further complications (Stoelting Hillier, 2012). The local anesthetics are applied for analgesia during thoracentesis and placement of the chest tube. The local anesthetic like Lidocaine Hydrochloride is easily absorbed into the mucous membranes after being applied topically. The rate of absorption is based on the site of application, duration of exposure, and the total dosage. The drugs mode of action is through reduction of the permeability of sodium ions in the neuronal membranes, leading to inhibition of depolarization as well as blocking the transmission of nerve impulses (Stoelting Hillier, 2012). The known adverse effect of using the local anesthetic is allergic reactions. The opiate analgesics agents are also used for the purpose of reducing or controlling pain (Trang et al., 2015). Reduction of pain is a good for patient care as it improves the comfort of the patient. The mode of mot analgesics is through sedation, benefiting individuals with painful skin lesions. The drugs are crucial when placing the chest tubes and for controlling pain following the procedure (Trang et al., 2015). Signs and Symptoms The patients was experiencing pain, was drowsy and disoriented. These conditions are closely linked with the abnormal functioning of the respiratory system. On performing UWSD, it was obtained that the lower part of the chest channel was fluctuation and draining small amounts of severe fluid while the upper part of the chest tube was swaying and intimately sparkling with no draining. This indicates that the pneumothorax had been forming on the chest region. Pneumothorax entail formation of both fluid and air in the pleural space. As such the upper region may had only air while the lower region had both air and fluid. Under Water Sealed Drains (UWSD) These are chest drains implanted to permit draining of fluid, air, and blood out of pleural spaces (Zarogoulidis et al., 2014). The draining permits lungs expansion as well as restores the bad pressure in the thoracic opening. The operation is as well executed with the aim of preventing air backflow and fluid (Huang et al., 2014). There are three basic components of the chest drain systems. The first one is the chest tube that is introduced in the pleural space to permit air as well as fluid to get out. The system has six-foot long patient elastic pipes connecting the chest tube and the chest drain structure (Zarogoulidis et al., 2014). The other component is the drainage system that has; a collection chamber for collecting fluids and measurement if the drainage volume; a one-way water seal section or valve that allows the air or fluid inside to leave while preventing entry of the outside air; and a suction for controlling the amount of negative pressure subjected to the chest (Zarog oulidis et al., 2014). There are two main types of chest tubes namely; the thoracotomy and the trocar chest tubes. These tubes are different in their design but perform similar functions in an almost similar manner (Zarogoulidis et al., 2014). There is a specific procedure for using the UWSD technique, which begins with strategic positioning of the patient to allow for high oxygen flow (Kirmani Page, 2014). Aseptic techniques are used to fill the syringe with 5ml of normal saline or water. The next step entails location of a landmark and cleaning the area using a disinfectant (Kirmani Page, 2014). The needle is, then, perpendicularly inserted above the third rib while drawing the syringe back causing the solution to bubble. Once this is done, the syringe is inserted further 5mm, after which the catheter is advanced into the pleural space. The stylette is then placed into a sharps container, and a one-way-valve is attached to the IV Catheter. Strappings are used to secure the Catheter and the valve. The l ast step is the reassessment of the chest for improvement, and when o improvement is determined then insertion of another needle close to the initial one is done. Conclusion Pneumothorax is a condition where air, blood or fluid occurs in the pleural space (Ouellette et al., 2014). The condition is a result of the rupture in the pleura or the visceral. Even though the pathophysiology of the condition is not fully established, it is known that the negative pleural pressures contribute to the manifestation of the condition. If the interaction between the alveoli and the pleura develops, air flows into the pleural space till an equilibrium stress is attained or until the interaction is stopped (Ouellette et al., 2014). The elastic recoil feature of the lungs may cause them to fall if there is no negative intrapleural pressure to hold the lungs together. The major physiologic consequences of the condition include a reduction in the vital capacity as well as a reduction in the unfinished pressure of the arterial oxygen. The condition can be well-tolerated in healthy individuals (Panigrahi Pradhan, 2016). However, when an individuals lungs had been compromised before the development of the condition, the development of the condition leads to respiratory insufficiencies, respiratory acidosis, as well as hypoventilation of the alveoli. The pathophysiology of tension pneumothorax is similar to the one-way regulator course, where the valve opens for inspiration but fails to open for respiration. In case the extrathoracic pressure continues to be greater than the stress in the pneumothorax for a while, then the air occupies similar to the single-way regulator procedure, where the valve opens for inspiration but fails to open for respiration. In case the extrathoracic pressure continues to be greater as compared to the pressure in the pneumothorax for a while, after which the air occupying the pleural space as well as the ambient atmosphere will start to get close to equilibrium (David, Pompeo, Fabbi Dauri, 2015). 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