The Glass Menagerie Essay Example

The Glass Menagerie Essay Example The Glass Menagerie Paper The Glass Menagerie Paper Exposition Topic: The Glass Menagerie ‘The Glass Menagerie’ by Tennessee Williams joins a various measure of topics all through the play. As it is known to fairly ponder the playwright’s own life, a portion of these subjects are quite significant and suggestive, permitting the crowd to keep up a sufficient handle on the messages set forward by Williams. Essentially, the possibility of memory is built up in Scene One. The play introduces with protracted portrayal concerning the setting and showmanship, trailed by the passageway of the storyteller, Tom Wingfield, who before long expresses that ‘the play is memory’ and clarifies that we are seeing occasions through the perspective of his recollections, escalating feelings and separating significances in the way that recollections do. At the point when the scene advances, we as a group of people likewise have an understanding to memories inside memories, for example, those of Amanda as she relates her days as a young lady and her clumsy endeavors to remember this a great time. This perplexing subject is an inventive gadget which Williams utilizes adequately to communicate truth, and one of the strategies he uses to build up this is through the showmanship. In any case, the lighting is key in the depiction of memory, since it shows the inside as ‘dim and poetic’. This not just encourages us to recognize the differentiation between the past and the present, however reflects how the recollections which the character of Tom will show us are covered with misery and torment, and makes the impact of a mindful, somewhat dismal mind-set. Moreover, Williams’ exact and point by point portrayals of the stage setting, for example, ‘murky gullies of tangled clotheslines, trash jars, and the vile latticework of neighboring fire escapes’ permit him to accomplish a fanciful air, rather than clear authenticity. Tom himself reveals to us that the play is ‘sentimental’ and ‘not realistic’ and Williams causes to notice the trick of the performance center by presenting brought down and raised cloth scrims during the play and moving dividers, while speaking to the puzzling property that memory brings. At the point when he requests that we peer through the cloth, Williams advises us that we are being reclaimed in time and made to watch things from a specific perspective. The topic of memory is likewise portrayed using music in Scene One. Not long before Tom starts to clarify how it is ‘a memory play’, the stage headings demonstrate for music to be played, and this guides the accentuation on this topic by again indicating the contrast between the at various times. Obviously the writer is attempting to associate music with the topic as Tom even lets us know, ‘In memory everything appears to happen to music’. Corresponding to the setting, lighting and music, the screen gadget is utilized a critical sum. The legends which show up repetitively on screen, for example, ‘Ou sont les neiges d’antan? ’ cause to notice the manner by which memory works by straightforwardly driving the crowd to consider how conditions in the play are so extraordinary currently to how they used to be in the characters’ lives, and make an insightful impact. Furthermore, another topic set up in Scene One is that of dreams and fantasies. The characters in ‘The Glass Menagerie’ are obliged by their dreams of monetary security, solidarity and break. The ever regular Amanda Wingfield harbors desire of arriving at when neither her youngsters nor herself need be worried about their conditions financially, and so as to acquire this fantasy, she accepts she should discover her girl an admirer. Then again, Tom and Laura are not such common characters, and while the last wants just to be allowed to drift through existence with no requests, the previous, albeit additionally wanting to associate with others, has a marginally more clear vision of a point throughout everyday life, and qualities isolation as a method of having the option to proceed with his inventive work as an artist. As a dramatist, Tennessee Williams depicts this topic through a wide range of strategies. Right off the bat, the setting is utilized by indicating the family home as ‘dim’ with ‘old-fashioned’ highlights; a spot from which the characters would obviously love to get away, Tom specifically. In that hangs ‘a exploded photograph’ of Amanda’s ex and Tom and Laura’s father, which is a consistent suggestion to Amanda of the existence she once had and stresses not just the fantasies she has of discovering Laura a ‘gentleman caller’ and achieving budgetary security, yet in addition how she might conceivably want to come back to the days when she was youthful and had significant male intrigue. A further topic set up by Williams in Scene One which interfaces in with dreams and fantasies is capture. Regardless of the close to difficulty of each character’s dreams being practiced, Williams is unyielding that ensnarement must be opposed in spite of the enduring it involves, and this is basically presented through the character depiction of Tom. As the crowd, we discover that the best way to dodge everlasting capture is through acting without feel sorry for. On the off chance that Tom is to one day become his own man, he is compelled to step away from his mother’s consistent industriousness and seek after opportunity. He doesn't want to act cruelly towards his family, as when Amanda recounts to the narrative of ‘one Sunday evening in Blue Mountain’ once more, he starts grumblings of ‘I know what’s coming! ’ and ‘Again? ’ yet does submit, anyway as the scene advances he joins more frequents burrows, for example, ‘Isn’t this the first you’ve referenced that despite everything endures? ’ to show a negligence of the men Amanda is so glad for when she depicts the destinies of all. He realizes that this life is not the slightest bit one that he wishes to be a piece of perpetually, and the main technique he knows to escape is by carrying on with no pity. Tennessee Williams additionally sets up the subject of capture through showmanship, as the emergency exit on which Tom remains toward the start of the scene is an outwardly unmistakable piece of the set which represents the detainment which Tom feels, and the possibility of discharge. By utilizing stage bearings, Williams naturally fills the emergency exit with emblematic weight, expressing that the structures are igniting with the ‘slow and intractable flames of human desperation’, and by situating Tom there to address the crowd it underlines how he remains solitary between the world outside and the control of the loft and features the anguished decision he makes to leave his family further on in the play. This makes a passionate impact on the crowd, who feels a feeling of empathy towards him for the obligations he has needed to take on in the past instead of the dad who so thoughtlessly deserted him and his family. Also, the subject of continuance is set up in Scene One. We begin to see the Wingfields battle against enthusiastic and physical constrainment, for example, the recently referenced challenges Tom faces in wishing to go out, and furthermore how Laura doesn’t feel a similar route as her mom with respect to ‘gentleman callers’ because of her handicap and absence of fearlessness. In any case, Williams doesn't give the characters answers for these difficulties yet rather shows that they have positive attributes which urges them to continue. For instance, Scene One shows Amanda continually wittering on proudly about how ‘one Sunday evening in Blue Mountain’ she got ‘seventeen! ’ honorable man guests, to the slight aggravation of Tom, who, acquainted with this, has anticipated it, however Laura knows about how the family need to stay together and react to one another necessities, and encourages Tom to ‘let her tell it’. Thusly, through the depiction of each character, Williams shows that perseverance is a significant subject in ‘The Glass Menagerie’, such that we as a group of people value every one of them exclusively for their characteristics just as the occasions when they fail. In this manner, we can see that Scene One of ‘The Glass Menagerie’ by Tennessee Williams includes various subjects in a wide range of ways, all to important and emotional impacts. We discover that a portion of these strategies incorporate character depiction, setting and showmanship, however all are similarly huge and permit us to get a handle on the key messages depicted by the writer.

Paul Hindemith :: essays research papers fc

     Paul was conceived in the German town of Hanau in 1895, on December Sixteen. We may expect that Hindemith felt a draw the melodic way from an early age; Paul’s father was a painter and didn't need his child turning into an artist, so our little author to-be fled at the age of 11, and began his own life. Paul showed himself the violin and viola, and started acquiring his living by playing at Cafes and other such foundations. In the long run, Hindemith took in the fundamentals of the considerable number of instruments that made a difference, so he could play them at any rate acceptably - however he was without a doubt a virtuoso at his viola and viola d’amore.      Eventually, Hindemith wound up at the Frankfurt Conservatory, where he examined his music execution under the tutelage of individuals like Arnold Mendelssohn. While there, Hindemith indicated expanding enthusiasm for the field of organization - he started writing decisively around the time he finished his courses at the Conservatory, and started setting up himself in the music culture through orchestral compositions and expressionistic drama.      Paul found a truly significant activity in the Frankfurt Opera Orchestra... he was first concertmaster, and afterward conductor throughout the years 1915-1923. After this, he established his Amar String Quartet, for which he was violist- - the gathering turned out to be really celebrated and performed effectively all through Europe. It’s concurred that 1921 was when Hindemith started to come into his own, and develop also referred to into the world as an arranger and entertainer. Hindemith showed up routinely at the Donaueschingen Festival beginning that year, and in 1922-24 his Chamber Works were performed at the Salzburg Festival (which I accept that was a genuinely serious deal at that point).      Up until around 1925, Hindemith was truly traditional, coming pretty much carelessly with the melodic standards of his time. In any case, in 1925, he came out with â€Å"Kammermusik†, his first transparently atonal sythesis. The piece was illustrative of new thoughts, and stirred heaps of talk when it was performed at the Venice Festival of the International Society of Contemporary Music. Before he knew it, Paul was a kind of pioneer, a nonentity of the propelling wilderness in â€Å"Modern Music†.      Ah- - during these long periods of his life, Hindemith was functioning as an educator of Composition at the Berlin Hochschule.      It was around 1934 that Hindemith began experiencing some difficulty with the Nazis. For one, they didn’t like his music. Actually, Alfred Rosenberg, who was Chief of Nazi Foreign Affairs, said his musics were the â€Å"foulest depravities of German music.† Obviously, the Nazis gave his profession

My Trip to Curtis Orchard

My Trip to Curtis Orchard Recently, I went to Curtis Orchard here in Champaign-Urbana. I believe I went two years ago, and I was sad that I didnt get to go last year, but I was delighted to go again! Firstly, the weather on the day that we went was phenomenal. It was so nice to just be outside and enjoy all the trees and fall plants. Curtis Orchard has a variety of things for sale in their shop and a lot of places to explore outside, so you can find a variety of things to do. The main outdoor area has a Wizard of Oz theme, and I enjoy admiring the whimsical art. I decided to purchase a big bag of apples, and I have loved eating them, as I think they are the perfect fall food, and have kept me satisfied during a busy few weeks. Sarah Class of 2018 I'm from Grand Rapids, Michigan. I'm majoring in Communication in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.

Gibson Girl versus Flapper Girl Essay - 562 Words

Gibson Girl versus Flapper Girl During the roaring twenty’s a new type of women arose, a women who rebelled against society’s standards for women, the Flapper Girl. The new Flapper Girl shocked society by setting a new type of women beauty that expressed their independence just like men. Meanwhile the Gibson Girl was the ideal figurehead for female beauty, they were often shown as fragile and vulnerable. Flapper Girls astonished the world by pushing the limits of the average Gibson Girl setting new limits that were never foreseen before for women. Before the Flapper Girl there was a more traditional women, the Gibson Girl who were seen as fragile ladies who relied on men to care for them. They often used corsets to obtain a hourglass†¦show more content†¦Many women enjoyed working, some of them continued to work after the war to pay for new labor saving devices such as the washing machine and vacuum. These women were also out of the house more and took leisure in dancing, smoking, drinking and other activates that use to be restricted to men only. Flapper Girls changed how society viewed women, they were now seen as more independent women who were not reliant on others, they even demanded the same rights as men such as the right to vote. The roaring twenty’s completely changed how society viewed women, they were now independent and had many of the same rights men had. Gibson Girls were now a thing of the past; the new Flapper Girls took the country by storm allowing women to be more self-reliant. Women no longer stayed at home all day, they could now decide for themselves and what they wanted to do with their lives. This allowed many women to get jobs and earn a living for themselves. No longer did women have to live up to the standards of men, being a Flapper Girl allowed women to be treated equally. Women could now vote and obtain jobs that were once only available to men. In conclusion the roaring twenty’s opened new oppo rtunities for women that they had never had before. The Flapper Girl era allowed women to be more independent. Women could now vote, get the same jobs as men, wear clothing thatShow MoreRelatedThe Fight For Womens Rights Essay2312 Words   |  10 Pagesmore problems than it would solve. This is especially true when one notes the liberties a woman had in the 1950s in comparison with the 1920s. One would think that the 1950s housewife had more freedom; however, the rebellious spirit of the 1920s flapper allowed them to be more active people. It goes to show that the longevity of the impacts of the feminist movements throughout history are based on not only on education of the subject but also the location in which they occurred. This cycle of

Leadership Styles And Management Of Hillary Clinton And...

The dynamics of leadership’s styles has changed throughout the century because the dynamics of leaders have changed. Many researchers have conceptualized the term leadership to make it simpler to understand, however it can be quite complicated because there are some many levels and components that make up a great leader in theory. There are no equations to explain how to become the perfect leader or how to obtain the perfect leadership style. There are strategies one can use to develop as a leader and certain behaviors that can allow an individual to identify with a particular style of leadership. In fact when dealing with followers of any sort, this allows the public to get a glimpse and know when the individual in authority changes. It would give the public a better understanding of what to expect and what to desire in future leaders. With this in mind, the purpose of this analysis is to evaluate and summarize the leadership styles and management of Hillary Clinton and Donal d Trump. Since they both hold influence and they both developed a campaign to become the greatest leader of the United States of America this analysis will explore the different styles they possess to get a better idea of their leadership behaviors. Keywords: Leadership, Leadership Style, Hillary Clinton, Donald Trump, 2016 Election Introduction Since the late 1700’s the United States of America has experience a multitude of leaders under a federal republic government. The system ofShow MoreRelatedLeadership Style And Management Of Hillary Clinton And Donald Trump Essay2116 Words   |  9 PagesThe dynamics of leadership’s styles have changed throughout the century because the dynamics of leaders have changed. Many researchers have conceptualized the term leadership to make it simpler to understand, however it can be quite complicated because there are some many levels and components that make up a great leader in theory. There are no equations to explain how to become the perfect leader or how to obtain the perfect leadership style. There are strategies one can use to develop as a leaderRead MoreThe Leadership Styles Of Leadership1533 Words   |  7 Pages Leadership is a concept most people feel informed enough to discuss, but that few are truly educated sufficiently to comment on. Therefore, it is instruct ive to consider the leadership styles of people with very different approaches both to better understand the diversity underlying leadership, as well as to appreciate the effective and less effective strategies that underlie different leadership outcomes. For that reason, this essay will consider the styles of two leaders who are less visible inRead MoreLeadership Style Of Leadership Styles Essay1433 Words   |  6 Pagesprobably feel as if they know enough about leadership to speak on the subject. In many cases, however, this is not truly the case at all. Leadership is a broad concept, and there are several different styles and approaches to consider when studying the topic. It is important to consider these styles and approaches when evaluating the effectiveness, or lack thereof, of any particular form of leadership. With that in mind, this essay will consider the leadership styles of two leaders who are involved in theRead MoreThe New York Times Of India, And The Guardian The Un ited Kingdom Edition1299 Words   |  6 PagesTimes of India, and The Guardian the United Kingdom edition. The article that I chose to compare between the three of them is about President Trump choosing his security advisors. I thought that it would be something that would spark many different opinions on a recent debate would be interesting to explore. The article itself is about President Trump choosing three of his new advisors for CIA Director which he appointed Mike Pompeo, for Attorney General, Jeff Sessions, and for National SecurityRead MoreLeadership : Leadership Behavior And Politics1370 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership Behaviors Politics Winning organizations today, attribute much of their success to having great people, great processes, and great leaders who inspire and motivate employees to follow them. Great leaders understand that they have influence and power over individuals, and what they do with this power defines them for years to come. We can all think of leaders of whom we respect and model our current behaviors after, and transversely, we can all think of leaders whose behaviors weRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCover Designer: Wanda Espana OB Poll Graphics: Electra Graphics Cover Art: honey comb and a bee working / Shutterstock / LilKar Sr. Media Project Manager, Editorial: Denise Vaughn Media Project Manager, Production: Lisa Rinaldi Full-Service Project Management: Christian Holdener, S4Carlisle Publishing Services Composition: S4Carlisle Publishing Services Printer/Binder: Courier/K endallville Cover Printer: Courier/Kendalville Text Font: 10.5/12 ITC New Baskerville Std Credits and acknowledgments borrowed

Gang Violence Free Essays

Teen Gang Violence If I could change the world, I would definitely leave out the gang violence. I wonder why teens join gangs. I’ve seen some of my friends join gangs and I wonder why they joined. We will write a custom essay sample on Gang Violence or any similar topic only for you Order Now Did they think they were going to be famous? Did they think everyone was going to know them now and want to invite them to special events? Or did they want to sell drugs on their block and become hood rich? I grew up in the city of Blytheville, Arkansas, where a lot of kids find trouble. Gangs are becoming a growing problem in American society. More young people are turning to gangs to solve problems in their lives. When youth join gangs, they forget about their family, real friends, and even school. In Blytheville, gangs cause teenagers to act violently. When you are in a gang, you also have rival gangs that you constantly have to fight, just because you don’t want another gang in your territory. Some teens think that being in a gang will give them protection. I believe being in a gang increases your chances of being killed or hurt badly. Besides the violence that is involved in being in a gang, teens also get involved in illegal activities such as the use and selling of drugs. Gangs make you carry out illegal activities to make money. One of these activities is selling marijuana mainly. In my city, some members are big time dealers, while others just work the corners. It’s a part in my town that does a lot of killing and selling drugs. That is not good role modeling for the young people. In what shouldn’t surprise anyone who has thought even the least bit about these sorts of issues, a lack of positive role models in their lives is  leading to gang membership. (ParentDish) Some children probably grew up where they saw people selling drugs and killing. They said, â€Å"When I get older I want to be just like that†. When you’re young you don’t really know the consequences of being in a gang. I never understood the meaning of gangs. You have to have tons of people who might have your back, but the key word was â€Å"might†. I know many people that don’t need to be in a gang. They’re in it just to fit in. That is just horrible in my book. I remember we had to read a book about gangs in high school. This book was called Gangs, Groups, Cults. It’s about a kid name Donte. He was a bright teenager who finished school and didn’t do anything after high school. So he oined a gang because he said, â€Å"Cool, but what do I do once I get out of school? You know? I did my daily deed to keep from getting thrown out of the house, but no I’m walking around the neighborhood and I don’t have anything to do† (Bradley 75). Since Donte had nothing better to do, he figured that it would be okay to join a gang. Boredom causes teenagers to join gangs, as well as wrecking havoc in the streets. Boredom can cause teens to join gangs, and so does bad parents. A lot of times when a kid’s family is messed up, they end up spending more time on the streets, and the gang becomes like their second family. Maybe they only have a mom and she has drug problems, or is never around or very strict on him/her. Maybe they have a dad that is never around, or is on drugs. Some kids suffer through home life with parents who are always drunk on alcohol and they don’t really know their parents. So they meet older gang members that give them money and make them feel like a little brother or even a son. According to The National Gang Center and The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, boys are more involved in gangs than girls; however you might be surprised to find out that the number of female gang members is rapidly increasing. Psychology Today) Many parents of teenage girls do not consider gang activity to be something they should worry about very much. Unfortunately, I’ve witness teenage girls getting more and more involved in gangs. Not only in Blytheville, this is occurring in the larger cities, and other smaller cities and towns as well. Gangs rely on their gi rl for many dangerous activities that can result in teen girls going to prison or worse. Maybe they believe she want get as much time for a crime as a male would. Teens that are in gangs are much more likely to suffer from gun violence, whether it’s injury or death. As a gang member, you can look forward to at least one shooting. In some cities, many teens that were killed by guns are gang members. Most likely, they were shooting at other gang members, who will not hesitate to shoot back. According to the National Youth Violence Prevention Resource Center, youth gangs have about 772,000 members nationwide, with half of them being teens under 18. (eHow) Teenagers love this life because they feel powerful, rich, and respected at a young age. They think they’re going to become rich and gang famous. The older guys that are or were in a gang are known as â€Å"OG’s†, know the opposite. I’m pretty sure they’re regretting everything like the choices they made getting into the gang in the first place back in the day. A lot of OG’s have spent their whole lives in and out of jail, and are out on the street asking for money, all because the gang life took away a lot of opportunities they could have had when they were younger. The world doesn’t need this kind of activity going on. We have bigger problems to deal with, other than killing and harming each other. Parents need to tell their children how much they love them each and every day. How to cite Gang Violence, Essay examples

Pathophysiology of Pneumothorax for Thoracic- MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePathophysiology of Pneumothorax for Thoracic Disease. Answer: Introduction The existence of air inside the pleural space is known as pneumothorax (Lichtenstein, 2016). Usually, air do not get inside the pleural space since the amount of the incomplete gas pressures in the tube blood is about 93.9KPa (Hobbs et al., 2014). Thus, the net movement of gasses into the pleural space from the capillary blood requires that the pleural pressures be lower than 54mmHg. This hardly ever occurs under normal circumstances. Therefore, there are there critical factors that may result in the occurrence of air in the pleural space, namely; direct or indirect interaction amid the air as well as the pleural space; interaction taking place between pleura and the alveolar; as well as the occurrence of a gas producing organism in the pleural space (Hobbs et al., 2014). Clinically, pneumothorax is classified as primary, secondary, catamenial, non-iatrogenic and traumatic pneumothorax (Boskovic et al., 2014). These different types have been briefly highlighted below. This paper disc usses this condition, pneumothorax, using Leigh Richards case. The case study has been described below. The paper discusses the pathophysiology of a pneumothorax as well as the USWD as a way of treating the condition. The paper also describes two signs presented by the patient. The Case Study The patient by the name Leigh Richards is 39 years old and he is married with three kids he is also an irrigation advisor at Murray Bridge. The patient got a serious accident and was retrained after the rally car they were in hit a tree while speeding on a dirt road. The patient was removed from the car through inline extrication after emergency services were called. When he arrived in the hospital, he was drowsy and disoriented. The patients left superior arm was enlarged, it was so painful that touching or moving it was not easy, and it had a distortion as well. As a result trauma X-rays were conducted, after which the patient was diagnosed to have developed left pneumothorax, fibula and left tibia, subdural hematoma, as well as left humerus. Mr. Leigh Richards was then taken to the theater for surgery since he had an ORIF for left lower leg and ORIF for left humerus. The Sub Dural hematoma is being addressed conventionally. The neurovascular assessment has obtained slight tingling of the fifth finger, as well as weakness in left leg and arm. The patients daughter who is a nursing student (second year) requests for an explanation of the pathophysiology of pneumothorax because she fails to understand why they develop into pneumothorax when UWSD insertion is not applied. She also requests for additional information on the UWSD insertion technique. Classifications of Pneumothorax The condition is classified based on the causes. The various classes are: Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax: This usually occurs in tall, thin, adolescent makes. Smoking has also been associated with the condition (Tschopp et al., 2015) Since the pleural compression gradient is more in the lung apex than in the lower part of the lung, in tall people, a greater mean descending pressure is subjected in the alveoli in the lung apex (Aziz, Patel, Ie Rubio, 2016). With time, the high descending pressure may lead to the development of subpleural bleb. It has been obtained that the condition is more prevalent in heavy smokers than non-smokers. Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax: This condition results in individuals who already have a lung condition. The occurrence of the condition is the same as that of main impulsive pneumothorax. The condition is common in old individuals. Catamenial pneumothorax: this condition develops at the onset of or within twenty-four to seventy-two hours after the start of menses, and is recurrent (Kolos, Dzhieshev, Dikolaev Amangaliev, 2015). The initial development does not normally occur until the female is in her thirties. The pathophysiology of catamenial pneumothorax is still not clear. Noniatrogenic pneumothorax: this condition develops shortly after birth in about 2% of infants. The condition is twice as common is males than females. The cases of the condition are common in preterm birth as well as low birth weight. The pathophysiology of non-iatrogenic pneumothorax is linked to motorized problems of the initial increasing of the lungs. Traumatic pneumothorax: This condition results from either a penetrating injury or blunt trauma to the walls of the chest. The condition may happen simultaneously with the injury, immediately after the injury, or later on. Apart from penetrating trauma, the condition can result from the secondary laceration of the visceral pleural after dislocation or rib fracture. The abrupt compression increases the pressure in the alveoli, which may result to rupture of the alveoli. Blunt trauma can also cause the rapturing of the alveoli. When a penetrating trauma occurs, the air gets into the pleural space directly via the wound on the wall of the chest. This class of pneumothorax is further divided into; open, simple and pull pneumothorax. The meek pneumothorax is where the air coming from the destroyed lungs enter the pleural space. In case the wound is big enough to allow air to freely pass freely into and outside the pleural space, then the condition is referred to as open pneumothorax. In t he open pneumothorax case, the atmospheric stress is in balance with the intrapleural stress (Aziz, Patel, Ie Rubio, 2016). This blocks the lung inflation as well as the ventilation of the alveoli. As a result, the air moves with sped via the wound into the wall of the chest, as usually produces a lapping sound. In many cases, the lungs collapse. This makes it critical to seal the open wound using a Vaseline gauze and put a chest tube, as an emery measure. Tension pneumothorax usually results from the injury of the lungs or the chest walls. In this case, on way valve mechanism results, where the air goes into the pleural space and gets trapped inside, making it impossible to expel during expiration (Roberts et al., 2014). In such a case, the inter-thoracic pressure rises making the lungs to collapse (Ianniello, Di Giacomo, Sessa Miele, 2014). The collapse of the walls shifts the mediastinum away from the injured side, leading to reduced venous return to the heart, hypoventilation, as well as development of obstructive shock (Roberts et al., 2014). The patient in the case study, Leigh Richards, suffer from this condition. The General Pathophysiology of a Pneumothorax In normal individuals, due to the inherent tendencies of the lungs to collapse as well as the chest wall to expand, the stress inside the pleural space is less in relation to the atmospheric stress. An interaction amid the alveoli as well as the pleural space causes airflow down the stress gradient until the attainment of equilibrium or until the interaction is sealed. As the pneumothorax expands, the lungs reduce in size. The major physiologic result of this occurrence is a reduction in the vital capacity and the oxygens partial pressure (Ianniello, Di Giacomo, Sessa Miele, 2014). The young and healthy individuals can tolerate these changes effectively with minimal changes in crucial symptoms. However, those individuals having lung diseases may experience respiratory distress. The decrease in the vital capacity cases respiratory insufficiency as well as respiratory acidosis and hypoventilation of the alveoli. Many individuals with the condition have increased alveolar-arterial oxyg en tension difference and reduced arterial PO2 (Ianniello, Di Giacomo, Sessa Miele, 2014). Pharmacology of Pneumothorax The tension pneumothorax in the case study requires rapid treatment using anesthetics and analgesics. However, these analgesics and anesthetics should be administered when the patient is not in distress. The aim of the pharmacotherapy is to reduce the level of mobility and stop further complications (Stoelting Hillier, 2012). The local anesthetics are applied for analgesia during thoracentesis and placement of the chest tube. The local anesthetic like Lidocaine Hydrochloride is easily absorbed into the mucous membranes after being applied topically. The rate of absorption is based on the site of application, duration of exposure, and the total dosage. The drugs mode of action is through reduction of the permeability of sodium ions in the neuronal membranes, leading to inhibition of depolarization as well as blocking the transmission of nerve impulses (Stoelting Hillier, 2012). The known adverse effect of using the local anesthetic is allergic reactions. The opiate analgesics agents are also used for the purpose of reducing or controlling pain (Trang et al., 2015). Reduction of pain is a good for patient care as it improves the comfort of the patient. The mode of mot analgesics is through sedation, benefiting individuals with painful skin lesions. The drugs are crucial when placing the chest tubes and for controlling pain following the procedure (Trang et al., 2015). Signs and Symptoms The patients was experiencing pain, was drowsy and disoriented. These conditions are closely linked with the abnormal functioning of the respiratory system. On performing UWSD, it was obtained that the lower part of the chest channel was fluctuation and draining small amounts of severe fluid while the upper part of the chest tube was swaying and intimately sparkling with no draining. This indicates that the pneumothorax had been forming on the chest region. Pneumothorax entail formation of both fluid and air in the pleural space. As such the upper region may had only air while the lower region had both air and fluid. Under Water Sealed Drains (UWSD) These are chest drains implanted to permit draining of fluid, air, and blood out of pleural spaces (Zarogoulidis et al., 2014). The draining permits lungs expansion as well as restores the bad pressure in the thoracic opening. The operation is as well executed with the aim of preventing air backflow and fluid (Huang et al., 2014). There are three basic components of the chest drain systems. The first one is the chest tube that is introduced in the pleural space to permit air as well as fluid to get out. The system has six-foot long patient elastic pipes connecting the chest tube and the chest drain structure (Zarogoulidis et al., 2014). The other component is the drainage system that has; a collection chamber for collecting fluids and measurement if the drainage volume; a one-way water seal section or valve that allows the air or fluid inside to leave while preventing entry of the outside air; and a suction for controlling the amount of negative pressure subjected to the chest (Zarog oulidis et al., 2014). There are two main types of chest tubes namely; the thoracotomy and the trocar chest tubes. These tubes are different in their design but perform similar functions in an almost similar manner (Zarogoulidis et al., 2014). There is a specific procedure for using the UWSD technique, which begins with strategic positioning of the patient to allow for high oxygen flow (Kirmani Page, 2014). Aseptic techniques are used to fill the syringe with 5ml of normal saline or water. The next step entails location of a landmark and cleaning the area using a disinfectant (Kirmani Page, 2014). The needle is, then, perpendicularly inserted above the third rib while drawing the syringe back causing the solution to bubble. Once this is done, the syringe is inserted further 5mm, after which the catheter is advanced into the pleural space. The stylette is then placed into a sharps container, and a one-way-valve is attached to the IV Catheter. Strappings are used to secure the Catheter and the valve. The l ast step is the reassessment of the chest for improvement, and when o improvement is determined then insertion of another needle close to the initial one is done. Conclusion Pneumothorax is a condition where air, blood or fluid occurs in the pleural space (Ouellette et al., 2014). The condition is a result of the rupture in the pleura or the visceral. Even though the pathophysiology of the condition is not fully established, it is known that the negative pleural pressures contribute to the manifestation of the condition. If the interaction between the alveoli and the pleura develops, air flows into the pleural space till an equilibrium stress is attained or until the interaction is stopped (Ouellette et al., 2014). The elastic recoil feature of the lungs may cause them to fall if there is no negative intrapleural pressure to hold the lungs together. The major physiologic consequences of the condition include a reduction in the vital capacity as well as a reduction in the unfinished pressure of the arterial oxygen. The condition can be well-tolerated in healthy individuals (Panigrahi Pradhan, 2016). However, when an individuals lungs had been compromised before the development of the condition, the development of the condition leads to respiratory insufficiencies, respiratory acidosis, as well as hypoventilation of the alveoli. The pathophysiology of tension pneumothorax is similar to the one-way regulator course, where the valve opens for inspiration but fails to open for respiration. In case the extrathoracic pressure continues to be greater than the stress in the pneumothorax for a while, then the air occupies similar to the single-way regulator procedure, where the valve opens for inspiration but fails to open for respiration. In case the extrathoracic pressure continues to be greater as compared to the pressure in the pneumothorax for a while, after which the air occupying the pleural space as well as the ambient atmosphere will start to get close to equilibrium (David, Pompeo, Fabbi Dauri, 2015). This stage may cause shifting of the mediastinal, and solidity of the contralateral lung and the superior vena cava. The reduced volume returning to the heart results in reduced volume stroke, and thus, reduced cardiac output. This ultimately causes obstructive shock and hemodynamic collapse. The diagnosis o f the condition can be through assessment of the patients history, physical examination as well as through x-ray scanning. The condition is managed either conservatively, use of UWSD or surgical procedures (Porpodis et al., 2014) Reference Aziz, S.G., Patel, B.B., Ie, S.R. and Rubio, E.R., 2016. The Lung Point Sign, not Pathognomonic of a Pneumothorax.Ultrasound Quarterly,32(3), pp.277-279. Boskovic, T., Stanic, J., Pena-Karan, S., Zarogoulidis, P., Drevelegas, K., Katsikogiannis, N., Machairiotis, N., Mpakas, A., Tsakiridis, K., Kesisis, G. and Tsiouda, T., 2014. Pneumothorax after transthoracic needle biopsy of lung lesions under CT guidance.Journal of thoracic disease,6(1), pp.S99-S107. David, P., Pompeo, E., Fabbi, E. and Dauri, M., 2015. Surgical pneumothorax under spontaneous ventilationeffect on oxygenation and ventilation.Annals of translational medicine,3(8). Hobbs, B.D., Foreman, M.G., Bowler, R.P., Jacobson, F., Make, B.J., Silverman, E.K. and Hersh, C.P., 2014. Pneumothorax risk factors in smokers with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) from the COPDGene Study. InD39. CONNECTING THE DOTS: DRAWING LINES BETWEEN COPD AND COMORBID CONDITIONS(pp. A5830-A5830). American Thoracic Society. Ianniello, S., Di Giacomo, V., Sessa, B. and Miele, V., 2014. First-line sonographic diagnosis of pneumothorax in major trauma: accuracy of e-FAST and comparison with multidetector computed tomography.La radiologia medica,119(9), pp.674-680. Kirmani, B.H. and Page, R.D., 2014. Pneumothorax and insertion of a chest drain.Surgery (Oxford),32(5), pp.272-275. Kolos, A., Dzhieshev, Z., Dikolaev, V. and Amangaliev, A., 2015. Catamenial Pneumothorax.Experimental and clinical transplantation: official journal of the Middle East Society for Organ Transplantation,13, pp.144-145. Lichtenstein, D.A., 2016. BLUE-Protocol and Pneumothorax. InLung Ultrasound in the Critically Ill(pp. 195-199). Springer International Publishing. Legras, A., Mansuet-Lupo, A., Rousset-Jablonski, C., Bobbio, A., Magdeleinat, P., Roche, N., Regnard, J.F., Gompel, A., Damotte, D. and Alifano, M., 2014. Pneumothorax in women of child-bearing age: an update classification based on clinical and pathologic findings.CHEST Journal,145(2), pp.354-360. Ouellette, D.R., Parrish, S., Browning, R.F., Turner Jr, J.F., Zarogoulidis, K., Kougioumtzi, I., Dryllis, G., Kioumis, I., Pitsiou, G., Machairiotis, N. and Katsikogiannis, N., 2014. Unusual causes of pneumothorax.Journal of thoracic disease,6(4), pp.S392-S403. Panigrahi, M.K. and Pradhan, G., 2016. Pneumothorax Ex Vacuo Following Chemotherapy for Malignant Pleural Effusion.Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR,10(8), p.OJ03. Porpodis, K., Zarogoulidis, P., Spyratos, D., Domvri, K., Kioumis, I., Angelis, N., Konoglou, M., Kolettas, A., Kessisis, G., Beleveslis, T. and Tsakiridis, K., 2014. Pneumothorax and asthma.Journal of thoracic disease,6(1), pp.S152-S161. Roberts, D.J., Leigh-Smith, S., Faris, P.D., Ball, C.G., Robertson, H.L., Blackmore, C., Dixon, E., Kirkpatrick, A.W., Kortbeek, J.B. and Stelfox, H.T., 2014. Clinical manifestations of tension pneumothorax: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews,3(1), p.3. Stoelting, R. K., Hillier, S. C. (2012).Pharmacology and physiology in anesthetic practice. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Trang, T., Al-Hasani, R., Salvemini, D., Salter, M.W., Gutstein, H. and Cahill, C.M., 2015. Pain and poppies: the good, the bad, and the ugly of opioid analgesics.Journal of Neuroscience,35(41), pp.13879-13888. Tschopp, J.M., Bintcliffe, O., Astoul, P., Canalis, E., Driesen, P., Janssen, J., Krasnik, M., Maskell, N., Van Schil, P., Tonia, T. and Waller, D.A., 2015. ERS task force statement: diagnosis and treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax.European respiratory journal,46(2), pp.321-335. Zarogoulidis, P., Kioumis, I., Pitsiou, G., Porpodis, K., Lampaki, S., Papaiwannou, A., Katsikogiannis, N., Zaric, B., Branislav, P., Secen, N. and Dryllis, G., 2014. Pneumothorax: from definition to diagnosis and treatment.Journal of thoracic disease,6(4), pp.S372-S376. Huang, Y., Huang, H., Li, Q., Browning, R.F., Parrish, S., Turner Jr, J.F., Zarogoulidis, K., Kougioumtzi, I., Dryllis, G., Kioumis, I. and Pitsiou, G., 2014. Approach of the treatment for pneumothorax.Journal of thoracic disease,6(Suppl 4), p.S416.

American Slavery, 1619-1877 essays

American Slavery, 1619-1877 essays The title of the book this document will review is: American Slavery, 1619-1877 by Peter Kolchin, published by Hill and Wang, copyright 1993, 2003. Mr. Kolchin is a well-known and respected author and professor, recently winning the prestigious Alison award from the University of Delaware. This award is but one in the lengthy list of recognitions awarded him for his work and writings in the study of slavery and southern history. Mr. Kolchin has authored four other books about slavery and southern history, which have also garnered critical acclaim. The book American Slavery, 1619-1877 is a survey of American slavery and a probe into the life of those involved in the peculiar institution of slavery. It begins with the origin of slavery in the sixteen hundreds, with the importation of slaves from Africa where their free labor was used to establish the agricultural base of the new world. From this point, the author progresses to follow the growth of slavery, not just by quoting statistics, but by providing accounts of conditions of the lives and times of slaves as well as slave owners. The author does not just provide tales of hardship and a damning opinion of slavery, but rather focuses on the facts of daily living of slaves. Mr. Kolchin delves deeply into the strangely interesting dynamic of the slave-master relationship that allows events like a master whipping a slave for working slowly and then that evening gathering all of the slaves for a time of bible reading. The book progresses in a timeline like fashion showing th e changes in slave culture and popular opinion of slavery in the north and the south. Furthermore, the author provides comparison to the conditions for American slaves to those of Caribbean and Russian slaves and serfs. Finally, the book elaborates on the downfall of slavery and emancipation of the slaves. Mr. Kolchin provides a deep investigation into how slavery...

Government Term Paper Topics

Government Term Paper Topics In the recent years government term paper topics are becoming more and more popular. Students all over the US need to write a good paper on a government term paper topic. In order to be able to write a good paper on government term paper topic – a student has to possess certain information on the government term paper topic he chooses. Basically, the writing a paper on government term paper topics – is conducting a quality research on the government activity and the effect it makes on modern life of an American. The research can be conducted in several ways: An experts opinion. This is the most trusted way, as if you have access to an experts opinion on a government issue – you are guaranteed to have a good term paper, and its relevance will be proved by the opinion that is generated by the expert. This way is the best, but by far not the most convenient and easy. The internet – is an easy way to find information on the topic. The great strength of this method is that you can find multiple opinions on the government term paper topic and make your own conclusions towards this issue. The weakness of this technique is that it is not always so easy to find even one opinion. You will need to browse through thousands of web pages and not even find a single relevant thing. Multiple newspaper articles and professional journals may be used a relevant source of information. These types of information usually contain professional opinions on things going on in the government, but it may be difficult to find something according to your topic as well as use it without citation and referencing. If you decide to write a paper on either of the government term paper topics – the main idea is to conduct proper research and only then – write the term paper. If you are having difficulties with writing a paper on various government term paper topics – why not consider having an expert write it for you? CustomWritings.com is eager to help you with any of your assignments. We have hired experts, who are proficient in almost all government term paper topics, and all of them can be easily assigned to your paper. If you are seeking for proper government term paper topics help – consider CustomWritings.com as your number one assistant. We will make sure you will be delivered a good paper on a government term paper topic. We provide top quality custom term papers written absolutely from scratch. Here is a list of the most popular governmental essay topics: 1. Government Monitoring the Public Right or Wrong? 2. Fascism as a form of government. 3. Principles of the American Government 4. Government Supplied Health Insurance for all Taxpayers and their Dependents 5. How effective was the provisional government? 6. Government Intervention in Individual Markets: A Look at Government Intervention and Antitrust Law via the Microsoft Case 7. Colombian Government vs. The FARC. Who are they and what are they fighting for? 8. The role of government in the economy 9. Issues Facing the New Federal Government 10. Issues in Australian Government and foreign policy 11. Presidential and parliamentary governments 12. 1984 Governmental control over the media and loss of privacy 13. Links between GDP, Consumption, Investment and Government Expenditure 14. What are the major ideas of government and society contained in the Indian Constitution? 15. History of Roman Government 16. American citizens duties and obligations to the government based on the constitution 17. How has the Australian Government and media portrayed the refugee situation? 18. The Government’s Role in a Market Economy 19. E-Government and E-Procurement 20. Outline Government 21. State Local Government Accounting 22. How do government policies influence the level of inequality in the distribution of income and wealth? 23. Government control over equality 24. Government Relations and business 25. Religions impact on US government 26. Government Censorship 27. Internet Regulation – Government Involvement 28. What is presidential government and parliamentary government? 29. US Airways and Government Aid 30. Globalisation and Government Incentives

Importance of education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Importance of education - Research Paper Example According to Dewey, â€Å"all the differences between peoples and between classes and persons among the same people were said to be due to differences of training, of exercise, and practice (81).† This is the reason he stressed that the essential identity of mind â€Å"means the essential equality of all and the possibility of bringing them all to the same level (81)† While there are flaws to this reasoning because of the practical unlimited power and exclusivity ascribed to it as an equalizer, it underscores the point that education provides dignity to man because it empowers him in the areas of discernment, judgment, memory, and skill, among other intellectual activities. Education, here, provides the foundation and the resources for man to develop to his utmost potential. This is best illustrated by the analogy of Murray and Bentley (1827) when they said that the human soul is akin to a marble in a quarry without education: â€Å"Education, after the same manner, wh en it works upon a noble mind, draws out every latent virtue and perfection (40)† On a more pragmatic front, education is credited to allow people economic success. Although getting an education by itself does not guarantee financial rewards, the growing complexity of tasks in manufacturing and other industries may have become a more important element in determining the career and earnings paths of individuals† in the modern world (Levy and Michel 109). One can probably see this in the more contemporary experience wherein the more educated sector are less likely to feel the brunt and pressures of the lackluster economic performance in America and elsewhere. â€Å"It is the less educated young who will see the greatest declines in their economic status as a result of these [economic] trends (109)† Education provides the tools, resources and a little, too, of prestige that allows to be the preferred individuals to play the roles in the economic

Phenomenology and Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Phenomenology and Philosophy - Essay Example We may use our senses to make up our minds and pass judgment on certain issues but not to arrive at knowledge as such. Accordingly, and as stated, it is quite safe to say that the primary difficulty that a student faces when reading through Husserl's Phenomenology is that it forwards a different process of knowledge acquisition and the formulation of ideas than we have been conditioned to operate by. Despite the fact that Husserl's philosophy is quite different from the way in which we have been normally trained to think, leading to difficulty in fully understanding him, once we open our minds to his argument and his thoughts and consider them carefully, we are hit by the dawning realization that not only is Husserl's phenomenology directly relevant to the contemporary world but, in a way expressed ideas and conceptualizations of knowledge that exist in most cultures and in many schools of philosophy. This is especially evident in his discussion on "transcendental idealism" (40) and "phenomenological reduction" (41). As defined by G. As defined by G. Boland in "Phenomenology and Philosophy," phenomenology refers to a "20th-century philosophical movement dedicated to describing the structures of experiences as they present themselves to consciousness, without recourse to theory, deduction, or assumption from other disciplines such as the natural sciences." In other words, phenomenology is a school of philosophy which states that knowledge may be, and is, obtained from the senses and by experiences, and not only by the methods of science. Although such a statement on cognitive knowledge appears so obviously true that it requires no philosophical theories to argue on its behalf, the fact is that the growing reliance on scientific knowledge as compared to the decreasing dependence on, and trust in, the types of knowledge sources argued by this philosophy determine its importance and necessity. Not only that, but phenomenology, like other schools of philosophy, does not only state theories as such bu t precisely defines the intent of those theories and the scope which they cover. It is within the context of attempting to define precisely what phenomenology embraces and determine the types of knowledge that it can be cognitively produced, that Husserl undertook his philosophical inquiry and theorization. Husserl, a German philosopher, is considered one of the founders of the phenomenology school of philosophy and, in fact was the first to use the term, "phenomenology" (Bogland). As stated by Bogland, the main aim of Husserl's philosophical writings and studies was to the examination of "the structures of consciousness that enable consciousness to refer to objects outside itself." Doing so determined a complete focus on the human mind itself and the process of idea formation that occur within its limits. This process in which the mind itself, and nothing beyond it is studied, is referred to as "transcendental reduction" (Husserl, 12) and as "phenomenological reduction" (41). One of the interesting aspects of the human mind that Husserl called attention to is the fact that the mind is not only limited in thought and consideration to objects and things that actually do exist, but has

Introduction To Trade Union

Introduction To Trade Union According to the Central Statistics Office (CSO) there are around 535,500 employees on the Mauritian labour market in the first quarter of 2012. These workers are the human resource of our country and they deserved to be treated as valuable asset. However, in our lucrative oriented era, where the pursuit of profit triumph over the human rights and freedom of these workers. Hundreds of workers have no say in their working conditions; many are helpless in front of the managerial level, others are intimidated, or dismissed when their basic objective is to prone the human rights of freedom of association, collective bargaining and industrial democracy. On this basis, it has been none a coincidence to perceive the rise of trade union movements and understood that these movements had been on a perpetual alert and are continually fighting for their members to make the human right prevail before profits. The history of Trade Unions is a history of struggles for greater social justice and against tyranny, both in societies and at the workplace. The need for Trade Union in our country begun with the Industrial Revolution, where the rise of factories and the deskilling of labour led to workers seeking security through collective bargaining agreements. Trade Unions in Mauritius operate within the framework of the Industrial Relation Act 1973 (IRA). Of course, these trade unions around the country have the same purpose and objectives which is the welfare of the workers. Haniff Peerun the president of MLC confederation told us that: Mauritius Labour Congress being a Confederation always sees to it that all labour laws are respected and that all workers rights are respected. On the same basis, Mr X leader of the National Trade Union Congress told us that; the role of his organisation is to help promote and protect the rights of workers in the country. Trade unions give employees a number of important privileges that they would not otherwise possess as individuals. This is the reason why trade unions need to safeguard that their determinations to defend their labours match the efforts of managers looking to destabilise the employees. In addition, psychological contract and employers- employees relationship is also taken into consideration, by helping in the flow of communication as well as renegotiation through collective bargaining. 1.2 Aims and objectives This investigation will focus on the role and responsibilities of Trade Union movements in our country and the extent to which they are efficient and effective in both the public and private sector. The four specific objectives of this study are: Evaluate the perception of usefulness of trade unions as well as its accessibility in private sector as well as public sector. Assessing the employees intention to rely on Trade Unions and measure the gauge of satisfaction in a Unions member perspective Investigate the methods used by the Trade Union movement to negotiate better working conditions, for negotiation, leadership and securing economic benefits. Finding out how the Trade Union deal with certain crisis that arises in the workplace and the concrete involvement of the Trade Unions for their members 1.3 Background of study Mauritian development promises to promote standards of living for its population by bringing about a greater productivity through the diffusion of technological innovation as well as updated methods in exploiting equipment and the human resources, superior specialization, enhanced access to credit and capital as well as cheaper goods and services. At the same time, policies, laws and acts were amended for the welfare of the citizen, for instance the Industrial Relation Act 1973 or employment rights act 2008. However with the sole vision of making the country a world- wise competitive one, little importance is given to the concrete implementation of those laws on a daily basis. On that basis, Trade Union movements were launched in Mauritius, so as to voice out the workers rights. The chief target of the project is to identify the effectiveness of the roles and responsibilities of trade unions in our Mauritian system. It briefly examines the evolution of these movements in the country, by going back on their very start. In addition, a highlight of the intervention of the Trade Unions in our various sectors and how their concrete actions contribute to their members. The document will also enlighten the functions and importance of trade union in the Mauritian context as well as providing reasons to enrol as a Trade Union member. Analyzing the different challenges face by the Trade Unions such as the recent PRB issue, Labour laws, decent work, living condition among others, in the point of view of the trade unions, federation and confederation.Comparing the old managerial style to the new one, the paper will also bring emphasis on why the popularity of Trade Union has diminished. An overview of the future role of trade union will be discussed in order to see if t hese movements will resist the major changes of globalization as well as financial crisis. As a group of students, we implemented a top-down, quantitative approach to our research, which allowed us to analyse the various roles of trade unions in Mauritius, as this was considered the most appropriate method for studying the topic; we evaluated the hierarchy of trade union; Confederation, federation and finally Trade Unions. We identified the Mauritius Labour Congress as the main Confederation, the National Trade Union Congress and the Mauritius trade Union labour as federation and various other trade unions which are affiliated to the federation. Adhering to the concept of interviews and surveys, our observations were pooled to provide a broader and more precise representation than that provided by a sole investigation technique. Chapter 2: Roles and Responsibilities of Trade Union 2.1 Definition of Trade Union Trade Union is defined in the Employment Relations Act 2008 as an association of persons, whether registered or not, having as one of its objects the regulation of employment relations between workers and employers The Trade Union or Labour Union movement is a continuous and voluntary association whose membership comprises of salary earners, employees and union leaders. Those members have bonded together motivated by a simple motto Unity makes strength. Workers will therefore utilise trade unions as their representative voice when dealing with employers or on the board of directions. Independently, the workers do not bear the power to defy the top management. Therefore they grouped and seek to institute their terms and conditions of employments. When they realised that negotiating as an individual, the manager would be more powerful, due to the fact that an individual would not matter as much a group in regard of running an organisation. According to Cunnison, Trade Union is a monopolistic combination of wage earners who stand to the employers in a relation of dependence for the sale of their labour and even for the production, and that the general purpose of the association in view of that dependence is to strengthen their power to bargain with the employers The main role of trade union is to ensure the welfare of its members such as safeguarding the interests of its members, protecting the reliability of its trade, achieving higher wages by securing economic benefits. It also optimises the working conditions at the workplace and guarantees a job security while protecting members against unfair dismissal at workplace. Through its leadership, trade union engages in collective bargaining, whereby labour contracts are negotiated with the employers. Also it acts as a recruiting manager, the Union leaders interfere with the recruitment and selection of the company, its intention is to maximise the number of employees an employer can hire. 2.2 Hierarchy of Trade Unions There is a hierarchy in Unions, we had identified; the confederation, the federations and the trade unions. Regarding the confederation, there are one main which is Mauritius Labour Congress and it is affiliated to the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU).In the category of federation there are; National Trade Union Confederation (NTUC) which is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) and the Mauritius Trade Union Congress (MTUC). Finally, the trade unions which are affiliated to the NTUC; The Federation of Civil Service Unions, Federation of Progressive Unions, Federation des Travailleurs Unis, Confederation Mauriciennes des Travailleurs, General Workers Federation and Federation of Free Workers. Confederation: The Mauritius Labour Congress The MLC is the largest registered and recognized central organization of workers in the country. It was created in 1963 from a merger of the Mauritius Trade Union Congress and the Mauritius Confederation of Free Trade Unions. It represents over 45,000 members through its 56 affiliates, which directly and indirectly covers 125 individual trade unions. The MLC was the unique national confederation affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) representing workers from practically all sectors such as Sugar Industry, Civil/Public Service, Para-statal Bodies, Aviation, Docks, Banking, Insurance, Tea, Transport, Hotel and Tourism, EPZ, Local Authorities and the private sector. We had an interview with Mr Haniff Peerun, the president of the confederation who told us that the vision of the organisation was to defend the rights of workers on the labour market. According to him, the aim and objectives of his trade union were: Adequate salary compensation to be paid to workers Make proposal to the government on budget To train the trade union members and affiliates To raise their voice whenever the rights of workers and consumers are at stake. Federation: The National Trade Union Confederation The National Trade Unions Confederation (NTUC) is a national trade union center in Mauritius and is affiliated with the Confederation. Which have two primary affiliates in the name of Federation of Civil Service Unions, and the Organization of Artisans Unity. It is composed of 20 members who represent all categories of workers within the public sector and its members are organised in branches, each branches having an executive committee, consisting of a president, secretary and a treasurer. The Vision of the confederation which has been identified after an interview with the leader of the organisation came out to be: To be a respected partner and a reference in trade unionism To be at the forefront of change, leadership and sound industrial relations. Moreover, according to him the aim and objectives of the Union are: Our main objective is to maintain mobilisation of our members and also organise those whom we represent. We also aim to help to make the public service more responsive to the needs of the people : Mauritius Trade Union Congress (MTUC) The Mauritius Trade Union Congress (MTUC) is a national trade union center in Mauritius affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation. It was founded by Emmanuel Anquetil in 1946. It comprises of 29,000 members and is have Mr Dewan Quedou as president. 2.3 Structure of Trade Union The trade unions structure is divided into several parts, namely: The Annual Delegates Congress It is the authority which governs the federation. The Executive Council It comprises of one representative of each affiliates which is usually the secretary or the president and the Bureau members and two observers per affiliates. Once every two months they conduct meeting regarding applications for affiliates from trade unions and affiliation of the Federation to any local, regional or international organisation promoting the interest of the workers and to discuss disagreements between different affiliates. Meeting can be scheduled on the demand of the President or the Bureau or of the members of the Executive Council too. The Bureau It comprises of the President, the General Secretary and the eight elected members. Among them, one is the 1st Vice president and another is the 2nd vice president, a 3rd as Assistant Treasurer and a fourth one who is the organising secretary. President He represents the Federation and he is the spokesman of the federation. General secretary The General Secretary arranges meetings and draw up the minutes of the meeting. Along with the General Secretary, Deputy General Secretary and the Assistant General make up the Secretariat of Federation. Treasurer He is in charge of the accounts of the federation. Organising Secretary He is in charge of organising events like training sessions, seminars, workshop among others. Public Relation Officer He deals with the media for conferences, coverage, reports and other information that will be published by the media. 2.4 Nature and Scope of Trade Union The existence of an influential and recognised trade union is a pre-requisite to the industrial development pace of the country. With modernization in different sectors and the formation of new one such as the technological one as well as the tourism sector, human resources were required. However, mistreatment of the Mauritian labour force appears. This is where the trade union emerged; they ensured that the human rights of their members are respect as per the laws and the constitution. Trade Unions are currently considered as a sub-system which attends a precise sub-groups interest. When defending a particular sector they consider themselves as an integral part of the organisation in respect to the feasibility, growth and development of the community of which they formed part of. The influence of Trade Unions is of key importance for their members in the following ways: First, they are more effective and efficient when the need of negotiation is required between employers and employees by attempting to create a win-win situation. They facilitate the flow of communication between workers and the management, by providing the guidance and support to both of them. The Union leaders will seek a health and safety in the working environment. In addition, they also act as an educational institution; they provide different types of courses to their members. They also accelerate the pace of economic development for instance; they act as a recruiting and selecting agent for the unemployed workers, managing conflicts in the organisation, inculcating corporate social responsibilities to the members among others. 2.5 Objectives of trade unions. The main body of a trade union usually consists of individual workers, sometimes professionals and past workers. Their primary aim is to ensure that the employment conditions of employees are respected and that fair working conditions are offered. However, trade unions also engage in issues like: Negotiation One of the main targets of trade unions is to negotiate with employers about the matters affecting their members and other employees at work. If a union is formally recognised by an employer, it can negotiate with the employer over terms and conditions. These negotiations are commonly known as collective bargaining. Any trade union works to protect and advance the interests of its members. One of the ways it achieves this is by collectively bargaining with employers about the pay and conditions under which its members work. The negotiation process normally deals with matters such as working rules and regulations, complaint procedures, hiring principle, dismissing or promoting employees, workplace safety and policies etc. Some trade unions even have the power to negotiate rates of pay, bonuses for target achievement, employment conditions and job descriptions on behalf of the employees. For collective bargaining to be effective, unions and employers need to agree on how the arrangement is to operate. The objective of that collective bargaining or negotiation process is to settle with a mutual agreement also known as collective agreement between the management and the trade union. Representing Body Employees and other workers have the right to be accompanied at a disciplinary or grievance hearing. They can either choose a co-worker or a union representative. Often, the union representative, will be a workplace representative who is also a co-worker and will support the employee on the board meeting. Information and Advice If someone forms part of a union he/she can also ask them for advice. Unions are experts at solving problems at work. Trade unions provide staff with information, advice and guidance about any work related problems. Member Service Trade unions provide its members with a variety of services such as training, insurance, financial assistance and legal advices, sickness benefits, education facilities in some cases, guarantee of satisfactory work conditions in areas such as health and safety as well as equal opportunities. Voice in decision affecting Workers Trade unions act as a spokesperson for the staff. When matters concerning an individual employee or a group of workers arise, the trade unions job is to voice out the problem in order to negotiate for a solution. In case no agreement is settled or respected, the trade union members may enforce strikes or resistance to lockouts. They can also intervene in order to resist schemes of the management which reduce employment, e.g. restructuring and automation 2.6 Types of Trade Union Craft or Occupation Union. This type of union was the earliest type developed, it comprised of employees of a particular craft or skill regardless of place of work. The advantage of craft unionism is the sense of solidarity, as there is a feeling of common interest between the members. In addition, as this union bears skilled workers, they have a good economic position for collective bargaining. On the other side, more and more new mechanical devices were being developed, the need for large numbers of skilled workers decreased. One- Shop Union or House Union The one-shop union organizes all workers in the same establishment or factory. This type of union has the advantage of being relatively easy to organize because all workers share a common goal in securing a good collective agreement for their particular factory. However, as it is small, it has little bargaining power and it is easily dominated by management. Common Employer Union. The common employer union is basically the same except that it organizes across establishments owned by the same employer. It suffers from basically the same disadvantages as a one-shop union. 2.7 Characteristic of Trade Union Trade unions have shown remarkable progress since their inception in Mauritius and as the union is an essential and dynamic aspect of the society it bears special characteristics such as: Trade Union come together for common goals and interest The members have some materials of collective interest such as improving working conditions, better wages, benefits, job security among others. The trade unions have the right to contest a managerial decision, if they considered that their members are at risk with the outcome. Trade Union is an association of workers and salary earners: Unions are essentially a cooperative labour marketing association whose aim is to safeguard human rights on one or more labour market. In addition, they also bear a hand in the progress of the society, cultural interest and political views of its members. Trade unions have been implemented so as each sector of the working class bear a specific union. Mauritius therefore bears different Union association such as: Agricultural Research Extension Unit (AREU) Mauritius Labour Congress (MLC) Mauritius Trade Union Congress (MTUC) National Trade Union Confederation (NTUC) Trade Unions are basically voluntary organizations: Members of any trade union are voluntary in nature. They are completely free to become a member of a Trade Union or not; none is constrained to subscribe to a Trade Union. If any individual is forced to join a Union, the very essence of trade of trade unionism is defeated. Unions are egalitarian bodies: The Unions are self-governed; this is the reason why they can effectively act in our society. The union leaders are voted by the members and perform as per the Trade Union Act. The Trade Union is a continuous association Union is not a daily affair. In order to work effectively for their adherents they ask a long term membership Constant evolution in the characteristic of Trade Union With this dynamic era, the union continually update their techniques and amend their work. With new complications in the workplace, the unions need to find infinite approaches so as to serve the union members. Rapport with the Management: The unions have the responsibility to improve the employers and employees relationship. They go through the process of negotiation and collective bargaining with the direction of the members organisation concerning their problems. In so doing, the employer and employee relationship is enriched and enhance the quality and welfare of the employees. 2.8 Functions of Trade Unions Broadly speaking, trade unions perform two types of functions: Militant Function Amongst the various activities performed by trade unions is the betterment of the position of their members in relation to their employment. The aim of such activities is to ensure that all the clauses of the hiring and psychological contract are respected. When the union fails to accomplish these aims through collective bargaining and negotiation, in extreme conditions they adopt drastic measures in the form of go-slow, strike, boycott, work sabotage etc. to make the management react and reconsider their requests. Hence, these functions of the trade unions are known as militant or fighting functions. Fraternal Function Another actions performed by trade unions are to provide help to its members in needy times, and improving their efficiency. Trade unions try to nurture a spirit of cooperation, mutual aid and promote friendly relationships and sharing of knowledge and culture among their colleagues. In some cases, they also arrange for legal assistance. Besides, these, they undertake many welfare measures for their members, e.g., school for the education of children, library, reading-rooms, in-door and out-door games, and other recreational facilities. These activities, which may be called fraternal functions, obviously depend on the availability of funds, which the unions raise by subscription from members and donations from outsiders, and also on their competent and enlightened leadership. Another broad classification of the functions of unions may be as follows: Intra-mural activities: These deals with whatever happens on the site of work and has direct impact on employees e.g. wages, strikesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Extra-mural activities: These activities help the employees to maintain and improve their efficiency or productivity e.g., methods intended to foster a spirit of cooperation, promote friendly relationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Political activities: Modern trade unions also take up political activities to achieve their objectives. Such activities may be related to the formation of a political party or those reflecting an attempt to seek influence on public policy relating to matters connected with the interests of working class Other Functions Trade unions have a number of functions, one more important than the other depending on the situations; however the five main general principles developed have been: The service function The representative function The regulatory function The government function The public administration function The service function This involves the delivery of services and assistance to the union members. The representative function This implies that the trade union will act like a delegate for the members at the workplace. The regulatory function This enables trade unions to actively participate in rule-making over the workplace. This can be done either: directly multi-employer collective bargaining e.g. through the Joint Industrial Council Or indirectly through regulatory legislation The government and public administration function Trade unions engage with the government to assure that they can accomplish their respective function within the law. Trade unions also play an important role in: improving bottom-up communication in order to increase commitment of employees in meeting the organizations objectives negotiating improvements to pay and working conditions to retain the people encouraging companies to invest in training and development for better performance and personal as well as professional development of employees acting as a positive change agent thus gaining employees support for the smooth running of the organization Protecting the interests of employees by taking active participation in the management. safeguarding organizational stability, growth, and leadership Chapter 3: Trade Union at Work 3.1 Need for trade Union Trade Unions contribute much in the industrial peace; they are required for different purpose such as effective communication between employees and employers as they are the mediator between them. They also make sure that the divergence of opinions is taken into consideration and of course do not turn out into conflicts. They also bear a great responsibility in safeguarding the interests of their members. They are the protector, the counseling, the mediator, coach, and keep an eye on the environment in which their members evolves every day seeking a healthy and safe working place. Reasons why Trade Union is useful at work: Trade unions aid to enhance the pace of economic growth in many ways; through the recruitment and selection of workers instructing discipline among the workforce Trying to inculcate the organisation culture of the organisation to the new employee settling industrial clashes in a rational manner helping in social adjustments: new working conditions, abiding to new rules and policies Trade unions are a portion of society and are concern with the national integration: Encouraging and preserving national integration through the minimization of industrial conflicts. Incorporating a sense of corporate social responsibility in workers Attaining industrial peace To ensure job security and right pay for the members: One of the main reasons why the employee decides to join a union is principally for security, especially in the private sector where people are unsure of their job position. Employees desire to get paid according to their qualifications and skills. To express the complaints of employees to the managerial level: Though some employees do have grievance again the employers, they do not convey their thoughts as they fear of getting dismissed Employees do not like to be subjected to arbitrary and capricious actions by management. When difficult situation happens, employees may notice that they have little or no influence in job-related matters, thus becoming prime targets for unionization Facilitate the flow of communication between employers and employees Enhance the employer and employee relations Facilitate decisions making through the process of collective bargaining and negotiations 3.2 Reason for joining a Trade Union Individuals in various sectors of Mauritius choose to join a union in order to protect by the laws and regulations which abide the union. They might have different reasons joining and these reasons will tend to change over time. At the start of ones career, the main reason is for job security and working conditions, and when having experience it is for a better salary or benefits. Remember that independently, the workers do not bear the power to defy the top management. Therefore they grouped in order to make Unity stand still in front of managers. Other reasons can involve dissatisfaction with management, need for a social outlet, opportunity for leadership, forced unionization and peer pressure. Other important reasons for joining trade union: Greater Bargaining Power: As said before, when trying to bargain alone, the employee will not make the difference but if the whole organisation voices out it will me more tangible; a Strike by a union is a powerful tool that often causes the employer to accept the demands of the workers for better conditions of employment. Minimize Discrimination in decisions concerning wages, working conditions, promotion among others. There might be favouritisms if the manager appreciates more one employee than another. Discrimination can arise in term of racism, culture, religion, gender, origins and names. Sense of Security: employees join unions so as to have adequate security in term of accidents, injury, illness, unemployment, but also obtaining; retirement benefits and compelling the management to invest in welfare services for the benefit of the workers. Sense of Participation: so as to be involved in the decision- making of the organisation and influence the results through collective bargaining. Sense of Belongingness: some join because their co-mates are members others under group pressure. This may be an aspect of respect for those who are not members. Platform for self-expression: the workers want to be taken into consideration by the managerial level. Thus Trade unions provide such a forum to convey feelings, ideas, complaints and opinions. Betterment of relationships; workers believe that unions can satisfy the main need for suitable equipment for proper maintenance of employer-employee relations. Unions help in betterment of industrial relations among management and workers by solving the problems peacefully. 3.3 Pros and Cons of Trade Union Advantages of Trade Union Trade Union can increase the salary of its members as well as benefit through negotiation. Represent the workers in front of the employers and society Protect against exploitation Uphold health and safety legislation Trades unions can give representation to workers facing legal action. Can voice out for better working conditions Ask for training, learning and development of knowledge, skills and abilities Build the employee and employer

Verbal and Nonverbal Communication

Verbal and Nonverbal Communication DeShawn R. Swanson SOC/110 March 16, 2010 Professor Yvonne Moore Verbal and Nonverbal Communication Communication is very important, especially in small groups. In small groups, people use verbal and nonverbal communication techniques as a way to help the group run smoother. This paper will explain how people communicate, what challenges may arise in communicating between both genders, what challenges may come when communicating with people from other cultures, and how might we be able to communicate more effectively in diverse environments. People communicate in different ways. Verbal communication is one way for us to communicate with one another face to face. Sound, words, speaking, and language are just some of the key components of verbal communication. When we are born, many of us have vocal cords that produce sound. As we get older and grow, we begin to learn how to make these sounds into words. Some words may sound like natural sounds, but other words come from expressions of emotion, such as laughter or crying. Nonverbal communication is another way for us to communicate with one another. A large portion of our communication is nonverbal. Every day, we respond to thousands of nonverbal cues and behaviors that may include postures, facial expression, eye gaze, gestures, and tone of voice. One way we communicate nonverbally is through facial expression. Facial expressions are responsible for a big proportion of nonverbal communication. Even though nonverbal communication and behavior can be different between cultures, facial expressions for being happy, sad, angry, and fearful are similar throughout the world. Another way to communicate is by using gestures. An important way to communicate without words is the use of diverse movements and signals. Hand-waving, pointing, and using fingers to show number amounts are some of the gestures used in nonverbal communication. Other gestures are uninformed and related to culture. Posture and movement can also convey a great deal on information. Since the 1970’s, there have been a huge amount of research done on body language. Over-interpretation of defensive postures, arm crossing, and leg-crossing are the focus of the popular media. While these nonverbal behaviors can indicate feelings and attitudes, research suggests that body language is far more subtle and less definitive that previously believed. There are many differences between verbal and nonverbal communication. For instance, verbal communication includes rate, volume, pitch as well as articulation and pronunciation, while nonverbal communication deals with important but unspoken signals that individuals exhibit. Some of these signals and gestures can be how we carry ourselves, appearance, how we listen to one another, eye contact, hand gestures and expressions on our face when someone makes a comment. References This is a hanging indent. To keep the hanging indent format, simply delete this line of text using the backspace key, and replace the information with your reference entry. Verbal and Nonverbal Communication How do we communicate as humans today? Today we have smart phones, computers, Pads, and other such devices can we even answer the question, how do people communicate? If you surveyed the American people they would likely answer the question with the previous answers. As humans we all know the first type of communication which Is verbal or vocal but the second type of communication Is non-verbal or non-vocal. We could plead that non-verbal Is all of the emails and messages we send on those smart devices but that is where society gets confused about what is the difference.First we have to understand the basic, what is communication? Communication is a transfer of meaning from one person or group to another. It focuses on the nature of meaning and ways to maintain the integrity of meaning through the process of dissemination and reception of the message. † (Unknown, n. D. ) Communication is not Just how well you give a message but also how well you can receive a message. A great e xample is the activity telephone. It is where you have a group of people in a row and you try to pass a message down the line to see If to can make it through the line.If down correctly the message should be sent and received correctly to where It Is the same message from start to finish. If you have ever done this activity In a group setting It more than never makes It to the end with the same message. Where along the line does our communication breakdown in the process. I think first humans need to understand the difference between verbal and non-verbal communication, the two types of communication we see daily. Verbal communication is vocal category, the spoken language. This is where you are directly talking with someone vocally.Most communication done by humans is verbal communication, it is done by phone, testing, Keep, etc. Examples of verbal communication include but not limited to meetings, lectures, team building, ND playing on sports teams. What is non-verbal communicatio n and why is it more important than verbal communication? Do you know that research shows that It takes about four minutes to make a first Impression? According to studies by UCLA professor Albert Memorable â€Å"Body language accounts for 58% of a first Impression; 38% comes from tone of voice; 7% comes from our actual words† (Memorable A. Non-verbal communication is aspects of communication that do not involve verbal, like gestures or facial expressions. If you are standing with a person having a conversation and your verbal and non-verbal communication cues are not congruent, hey are going to look at your non-verbal over what you are vocally saying. Think has this happened to you before. An example is when you are in a group discussing a group assignment and you are saying you are fine with the part you got but your body language is saying the opposite.We also have to remember that non-verbal communication is how we receive information. Non-verbal communication can help wi th your communication but first let's look at some key Issues when it comes to non- verbal communication. Some of these Issues are body language, space, hands/arms, feet, expressiveness, and handshakes. The mall Issue we as humans have Is with our body language, we give clusters of signals and postures. For example crossed arms can indicate anger or being cold. A major obstacle with body language is that one that is the peace symbol.The other issues are Just simple things like body language that show anxiety, stress, confidence, attitude, and dominant. Now with the knowledge of non-verbal communication how can that knowledge help you with communication with others? When you are communicating with others you need to focus on the above issues and work on those in the positive way. To work on you on-verbal communication you can do the following use a mirror, videotape yourself, release stress by scrunching your toes (something new I learned), and mirror the person with whom you are spe aking (the more you are like them, the more you will connect).Practice makes you better at anything but no one is perfect so you need to work on communication for the rest of your life. Everyone has room to improve, even the best speakers in the world. When taking a look at my own personal listening inventory it was interesting to see what I do well and some of the things that I need work on as an active listener. Completing the assignment open my eyes to behaviors that I would never see as behaviors of active listeners. First let's start with the items that I need to work own.I rated myself low in the areas of; I do not always concentrate on a speaker's main ideas rather than specific details. I can improve in this area by taking notes during the speaking arrangements. This will help me keep the main ideas together with the more details that go with the main ideas. Those fine details is what is going to help you do projects or learn new ideas. Everything we do as humans we have tha t area that we are in between, some days you do it and mom days you might not.The areas in listening that I said that fall into that category include; I am sometimes uncomfortable asking questions when I do not understand, I avoid tuning out speakers when I disagree with their message, I avoid tuning out message that are too complex, and I try to understand other person's point of view when it is different from mine. When it comes these areas I need to Just do them more constantly when I am listening during speaking engagements. These are the areas are why I perceive myself as a good listener in the classroom, but I could still improve on my listening skills. Verbal and Nonverbal Communication Verbal and Nonverbal Communication DeShawn R. Swanson SOC/110 March 16, 2010 Professor Yvonne Moore Verbal and Nonverbal Communication Communication is very important, especially in small groups. In small groups, people use verbal and nonverbal communication techniques as a way to help the group run smoother. This paper will explain how people communicate, what challenges may arise in communicating between both genders, what challenges may come when communicating with people from other cultures, and how might we be able to communicate more effectively in diverse environments. People communicate in different ways. Verbal communication is one way for us to communicate with one another face to face. Sound, words, speaking, and language are just some of the key components of verbal communication. When we are born, many of us have vocal cords that produce sound. As we get older and grow, we begin to learn how to make these sounds into words. Some words may sound like natural sounds, but other words come from expressions of emotion, such as laughter or crying. Nonverbal communication is another way for us to communicate with one another. A large portion of our communication is nonverbal. Every day, we respond to thousands of nonverbal cues and behaviors that may include postures, facial expression, eye gaze, gestures, and tone of voice. One way we communicate nonverbally is through facial expression. Facial expressions are responsible for a big proportion of nonverbal communication. Even though nonverbal communication and behavior can be different between cultures, facial expressions for being happy, sad, angry, and fearful are similar throughout the world. Another way to communicate is by using gestures. An important way to communicate without words is the use of diverse movements and signals. Hand-waving, pointing, and using fingers to show number amounts are some of the gestures used in nonverbal communication. Other gestures are uninformed and related to culture. Posture and movement can also convey a great deal on information. Since the 1970’s, there have been a huge amount of research done on body language. Over-interpretation of defensive postures, arm crossing, and leg-crossing are the focus of the popular media. While these nonverbal behaviors can indicate feelings and attitudes, research suggests that body language is far more subtle and less definitive that previously believed. There are many differences between verbal and nonverbal communication. For instance, verbal communication includes rate, volume, pitch as well as articulation and pronunciation, while nonverbal communication deals with important but unspoken signals that individuals exhibit. Some of these signals and gestures can be how we carry ourselves, appearance, how we listen to one another, eye contact, hand gestures and expressions on our face when someone makes a comment. References This is a hanging indent. To keep the hanging indent format, simply delete this line of text using the backspace key, and replace the information with your reference entry.

Inside marketing: practices, ideologies, devices Essay

Marketing Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marketing refers to functions carried out by an organization and the processes set for communicating, creating and delivering services to customers (Gundlach, 2009: p.259). The essence of marketing is to influence customers’ behavior or precipitate behavioral change. Marketing practitioners needs to understand consumer behavior and have better market analysis and segmentation. This helps in managing customer relationships in ways that are beneficial to the shareholders and the organization. However, these activities involve interaction where both the buyer and seller enter into an agreement concerning the price of a given commodity. On 24th October 2013, I happened to visit Bet Electronic Company Limited. The company deals in different electronic items both households and industrial supplies and installations the aim was to purchase a home computer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In every market, a new customer needs to have a marketing orientation. This gives the customer a general overview of the company and some information concerning the product at hand. Before I started negotiating about the price of the computer, the attendant did two orientations, product and selling orientation. Product orientation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He explained about the quality and the benefits of purchasing the hp computer. The company believed that their computers were of the best quality than any other. Their products have two years guarantee, and they offer after sales services such as convenient distribution to customer premises. Selling orientation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The company uses applies both face to face and e- selling when dealing with their products. We had face to face conversation where the sales department manager appeared to have all skills required. They sell their products even through the internet. In this situation, I met with one customer from Britain. He assured that the company sells high quality products being their customer for two years. Understanding customers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though it was very hard to make the decision, their approach and understanding of customers influenced my decision. They contributed to the evaluation and better selection of computer. Situational analysis Pricing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This plays a very important role in every marketing situation. The price of products affects both the customer and the marketer (Amaldoss, 2010: p.32). BET company uses customer based pricing. Through the orientation, I realized that they set their final prices considering the customer willingness and the company profit. The initial price of the home computer was $525, but my offer was $350. Considering the cost of production and distribution, $350 was not profitable to the company. Through long bargaining, we came to an agreement of $450 as the price of the computer. Distribution   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This involves the channels used by a business to either distribute goods to the market or to customer premises (Shen, 2009: p.5885). The business has means of transporting goods to the required destinations. During the product orientation stage, the company promised of convenient distribution of the product to the customer’s premises. This contributed to my decision of purchasing the computer from BET Company. This is a very essential marketing mix that the company has adopted to ensure better customer services. After purchasing the computer, I left it but later it was transported to my house four kilometers from the market. Internal and micro-environments   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These refer to the factors in the immediate area of operations in the organization (Takahashi, 2007: p.5). These factors include customers, competitors, suppliers, distribution channels and the general public. They affect the freedom of decision-making and performance of the business. BET Company considers all these factors when conducting its operations. The company is located in a market full of competitors. This led the company to accept my terms as they feared that their competitors might offer the same item at a lower price. Distribution channels were used to ensure that goods are at their respective destinations on time. Macro-environment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Refers to uncontrollable and major external factors that influence decision making in the business, and affects its strategies and performance (Gala, 2008: p.273). These factors are demographics, economic factors, political, legal, technological changes, social conditions, and natural forces. Economic factors   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is a very important aspect that marketers need to apply when influencing the buying and spending patterns of the consumer. BET Company applied factors such as the price to influence customers to purchase their products. The better terms offered such as guarantees and distribution of the goods to customers’ premises was very economical and attractive. Ethical implications   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These are assumed consequences that result from a moral/ethical action (Weaver, 2010: p.951). In the case of BET Company limited, there are some present ethical implications. Pricing ethical issues   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marketing mix has many areas that lead to interaction between marketers and customers. Those involved in marketing should bear in mind that these implications has effects in the success of the business. On issues concerning pricing, BET Company practiced unethical issue in pricing its products. Due to high competition that prevailed in the market, they have decided to offer their goods at low prices. The intention behind is to outdo the other firms in the market and attract more customers. The cost of the computer was supposed to be $600 the final price according to the other companies. Though this is beneficial to the customers, it might have future implications. After all the other companies are eliminated from the market, BET Company will charge high prices due to their monopolistic power.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marketing strategy allows an organization to direct its resources on the optimal opportunities available (Varadarajan, 2010: p.119). The aim is to achieve sustainable competitive advantage and increase sales. BET Company should find a relevant and efficient marketing strategy that will lead to sales increase and have a competitive advantage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marketers need to have marketing knowledge and how to segment their markets for effective operations and better customer relations. BET Company should learn other ways of attracting customers rather than reducing their prices below the market price. This will create a favorable environment and increase their profits. They should use marketing practice such as market communication. This involves activities such as advertising, sales promotion, personal selling and public relations. This will enable them to increase their sales through reaching more customers both the existing and potential customers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   They should sub-divide their market into small manageable portions that will reach their potential customers. They can achieve this through use of distribution channels and agents located in different areas. They should also focus on micro-environment to ensure that they create better customer relationship and favorable competition. Distribution channels should also be enhanced to facilitate transportation of goods both to the market and consumer premises. Another focus is on consumer behavior. This is very crucial as the marketer has to understand the consumer behavior and how it can be influenced. They should focus on dissonance-reducing buying behavior. This will help consumers to differentiate different brands of their goods for effective buying. In their marketing mix, they should improve the quality of their products, have better pricing strategy, and enhance distribution channels and their marketing communications References Blythe, J. (2009). Key concepts in marketing. Los Angeles, Calif.: SAGE. Blythe, J. (2013). Consumer behaviour (2. ed.). Los Angeles, Calif. ; London: SAGE. Fox, S. C. (2009). E-riches 2.0 next-generation marketing strategies for making millions online. New York: American Management Association. Richter, T. (2010).Marketing mix standardisation in international marketing: an empirical investigation of the degree of marketing programmestandardisation in German companies and its internal and external correlates. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. Solomon, M. R. (2011). Consumer behaviour: a European perspective (3rd ed.). Harlow, England: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Weinstein, A. (2012). Handbook of market segmentation: strategic targeting for business and technology firms (3rd ed.). New York: Haworth Press. Zwick, D. (2011). Inside marketing: practices, ideologies, devices. Oxford [England: Oxford University Press. Source document